Human kininogen D3 domain polypeptide as an anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor agent

ABSTRACT

Human kininogen domain 3 (HK-D3) polypeptides and biologically active variants and derivatives of HK-D3 are anti-angiogenic. These molecules are used to inhibit angiogenesis or treat a disease or condition in which angiogenesis is pathogenic.. Because of their anti-angiogenic potential, these molecules compounds are useful in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting or reversing the growth of primary or metastatic tumors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention in the field of biochemistry and medicine isdirected to angiogenesis-inhibitory polypeptides comprising a part ofhuman kininogen, particularly, the D3 domain (HK-D3) and variantsthereof, and their use in diagnosis and therapy of diseases associatedwith endothelial cell migration and proliferation. In particular thesepolypeptides are useful in treating subjects with cancer.

2. Description of the Background Art

Angiogenesis, the formation of new capillaries form pre-existing ones(Folkmnan, J., N. Engl. J. Med., 1971, 285:1182-1186; Hanahan D. et al.,Cell,. 1996, 86:353-364), is a normal part of embryonic development,wound healing and female reproductive function. However, angiogenesisalso plays a pathogenic role in the establishment and progression ofcertain diseases. Cancer, rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic retinopathyare examples of such diseases (Carmeliet P.. et al., Nature, 2000,407:249-257).. Anti-angiogenic therapy holds promise in inhibiting theprogression of these diseases.

Angiogenesis can be triggered by several pro-angiogenic cytokines. Inthe setting of cancer, tumor cells under hypoxic conditions secretevascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and/or fibroblast growthfactor (bFGF). These proteins diffuse and bind to specific receptors onendothelial cells (ECs) in the local vasculature, perturbing the balanceof pro- and anti-angiogenic forces in favor of angiogenesis. As aconsequence of binding these proteins, ECs are activated to (a) secreteenzymes that induce remodeling of the associated tissue matrix, and (b)change the patterns and levels of expression of adhesion molecules suchas integrins. Following matrix degradation, ECs proliferate and migratetoward the hypoxic tumor, resulting in the generation and maturation ofnew blood vessels.

Interestingly, many anti-angiogenic factors result from the degradationof matrix proteins—i.e., are a result of the action of pro-angiogenicenzymes.. Examples include endostatin, a fragment of collagen XIII(O'Reilly, M. S. et al., Cell 1997, 88:277-285); kringle 5 ofplasminogen (O'Reilly, M. S. et al., Cell, 994, 79:315-328) and PEX, theC-terminus non-catalytic subunit of MMP-2 (Brooks P C et al., Cell,1998, 92:391-400).

The concept has emerged that, due to the abundance of pro-angiogenicfactors, these anti-angiogenic molecules are unable to overcome thepro-angiogenic balance in a primary tumor. However, since they aresecreted into circulation, these anti-angiogenic molecules are capableof inhibiting angiogenesis at other locations where tumor cells may havebegun to invade. Consequently, micro-metastases comprising these tumorcells at these new locations remain dormant. This hypothesis explainsthe puzzling observation made by surgeons many years ago: at varioustimes after surgical removal of a primary tumor in a patient with noobvious metastatic disease, the patient returns with advanced metastaticdisease.

Thus, clinical intervention by treatment with one or more of theanti-angiogenic factors could inhibit the angiogenic process and halttumor growth as well as metastasis. Significant evidence in theliterature (cited above) supports this notion.

Biochemistry of High Molecular Weight Kininogen

Two forms of kininogen, high molecular weight kininogen (HK, M_(r)=120kDa), and low molecular weight kininogen (LK, M_(r)=68 kDa), have beenidentified in human plasma (Jacobsen S. et al., Br J Pharm 29:25-36,1967). HK is an a-globulin with a plasma concentration of 90 μg/ml(Proud D et al., J Lab Clin Med 95:563-5574, 1980) (FIG. 1), and LK is aα-globulin with a plasma concentration of 220 μg/ml (Muller-Esterl W etal., Biochim Biophys Acta 106:145-152, 1982). These proteins are derivedfrom the alternative splicing of a single gene (Kitamura N et al.,. JBiol Chem 260:8610-8617, 1985), and share a common heavy (H) chain,which contains domains 1, 2 and 3, termed D1, D2 and D3. (Colman R W etal., Blood 90:3819-3843, 1997). However, while LK contains only a 4 kDalight (L) chain (D4_(L)), the ˜46 kDa L chain of HK contains domains 5and 6 (D5 and D6, respectively).

Each domain of HK has a unique function. For example, D1 binds calcium,and D2 inhibits calpain (Colman et al., supra). The cell binding regionsof HK are contained within D3 and D5, while D6 binds plasmaprekallikrein and coagulation Factor XI.. In intact HK, D4 links the Hand L chains; D4 also includes the nonapeptide, bradykinin (BK) which isreleased from HK by kallikrein via cleavage between Lys₃₆₂-Arg₃₆₃ andArg₃₇₁-Ser₃₇₂, leaving behind a cleaved molecule consisting of a 62 kDaH chain and 56-62 kDa L chain, which are bonded by an intrachaindisulfide between Cys₁₀ and Cys₅₉₆. A subsequent cleavage at a site nearthe N-terminus of D5, results in reduction of the M_(r) of the L chainto ˜45. kDa (Kaplan A P et al., Blood 70:1-15, 1987).

Released BK is a potent vasodilator and an agonist for ECs.Kallikrein-mediated cleavage of HK occurs on the EC surface, and may bemediated (a) directly by plasma kallikrein or (b) after binding ofprekallikrein to cell-bound HK, followed by its activation to kallikreinby an EC cysteine protease. Thus the EC is an important site for HK_(a)generation. Phorbol myristoyl acetate (PMA)-stimulated ECs bindincreased amounts of HK (Colman et al., supra) suggesting accelerationof this process on “activated” ECs. The observation that ECs produce HKmRNA and protein further supports the physiological importance of thisprocess (Schmaier A H et al., J Biol Chem 263:16327-16333, 1988).

The release of BK from HK is accompanied by a structural rearrangementin the remaining two-chain kininogen molecule, HK_(a) and theacquisition of several novel properties. For example, cleavage of HK toHK_(a) allows the latter to bind to artificial anionic surfaces (Colmanet al., supra); interactions that are mediated by residues of theHis-Gly-rich region within D5 of HK_(a) (amino acids 420-458)(DeLacadena R A et al., Protein Sci 1:151-160, 1992; Kunapuli S P etal., J Biol Chem 268:2486-2492, 1993).

Furthermore, HK_(a), but not HK, is anti-adhesive, inhibiting thespreading of osteosarcoma and melanoma cells on vitronectin, and of ECs,platelets and mononuclear cells on vitronectin and fibrinogen (AsakuraS. et al., J Cell Biol 116:465-476, 1992). The structural rearrangementof HK_(a) involves a change in the orientation of HK_(a) domainsrelative to each other.

HK exists as a linear array of three linked globular regions, with thetwo peripheral regions connected by a thin strand (Colman R W et al., JClin. Invest 100:1481-1487, 1997). The strand may represent thedisulfide bridge between D1 and D6, as it is no longer apparentfollowing reduction. Studies with epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies(mAbs) determined that the globular domains on the ends of HK representthe prekallikrein-binding region (within D6 of the L chain) and thecysteine protease inhibitor region (D2 and D3 of the H chain), while thecentral nodule represents the anionic surface binding region within D5.

After kallikrein-mediated cleavage, the two-chain molecule, HK_(a),retains the trinodular structure, though the three globular regionsrearrange in a pattern resembling vertices of a triangle. In thisstructure, the anionic surface binding and prekallikrein binding regionsare more closely apposed. Because the EC binding regions within HK havebeen mapped to sites within D3 of the H chain and D5 of the L chain((Reddigari S R et al., Blood 81:1306-1311, 1993; Herwald H et al., JBiol Chem. 270:14634-14642, 1995; Hasan A et al., J Biol Chem269:31822-31830, 1994; Hasan A et al., J Mol Biol 219:717-725, 1995) andsince the latter regions in the linear sequence overlap extensively withthe anionic surface binding regions of HK_(a), the orientation of thecellular binding regions within HK and HK_(a) must differ. Thisconclusion implies that HK and HK_(a) are likely to interact differentlywith ECs, a hypothesis supported by functional studies demonstratingthat HK_(a), but not HK, is a potent inhibitor of proliferation andinducer of apoptosis in ECs.

Interactions of HK with ECs.

A. Identification of Cell Binding Regions within HK

HK was reported to bind with high affinity to human umbilical vein ECs(HUVEC) (Reddigari et al., supra; van Iwaarden F et al., J Biol Chem263:4698-4703, 1988; Zini J M et al., Blood 81:2936-2946, 1993; Hasan Aet al., Blood 85:3134-3143, 1995). The presence of Zn²⁺ is an absoluterequirement for binding, whereas Ca²⁺ either inhibited or had no effecton binding. Internalization of HK has also been reported (van Iwaarden Fet al., Blood 71:1268-1276, 1988).

The binding of HK to ECs is mediated through interactions involving bothits H and L chains, and several studies have led to the identificationof specific regions that mediate binding within D3 (Herwald H et al.,supra) and D5. (Hasan et al., J. Mol. Biol., supra) (one of whichoverlaps with the BK sequence within D4). These regions were identifiedby the ability of synthetic peptides with corresponding sequences tocompete with intact, labeled HK for binding to HUVEC.

In contrast to HK, little information is available concerning thebinding of HK_(a) to ECs. In one study, cleavage of biotinylated HK byincreasing amounts of kallikrein led to a progressive diminution inbinding of the cleaved ligand. In contrast, others reported that HK_(a)was more potent than unlabeled HK in inhibiting the binding ofradiolabeled HK to ECs (IC₅₀=73 nM for HK_(a) vs 335. nM for HK)(Reddigari et al., supra). Although these IC₅₀ values are difficult toreconcile with a reported K_(d) (30-40 nM) for the binding of HK to ECs,they nevertheless suggest differences between HK and HK_(a) in theirinteractions with cells.

B. Endothelial Cell HK/HK_(a) Receptors

HK_(a) inhibition of EC proliferation in vitro is a unique property ofHK_(a) as HK, which binds to ECs, nevertheless lacks thisantiproliferative effect. Moreover, the observed difference in bindingto ECs exhibited by HK and HK_(a) suggests potential differences infunction. HK_(a) could inhibit EC proliferation by several mechanisms.First, it might induce detachment of ECs from their matrix throughdirect interactions with integrins, thereby leading to interruption ofintegrin-mediated signaling and MAP kinase phosphorylation, leading toapoptosis. However, other than one report that single-chain HK binds toMac-1. (α_(M)β₂ or CD11b/CD18) on monocytes, there is no evidence forinteractions of kininogen with integrins.

The binding of HK_(a) to ECs was also not inhibited by a blockingantibody against the β₃ integrin chain, suggesting that HK_(a) does notinteract with α_(v)β₃, an integrin which plays an important role inangiogenesis (Colman R W et al, J Clin Invest 100:1481-1487, 1997).HK_(a) might interact in either a specific or non-specific manner withan ECM protein(s), thereby preventing its interaction with an ECintegrin receptor. However, there is no data to support this hypothesis.The fact that HK_(a) inhibited the proliferation of HUVEC plated onfibronectin, gelatin, and Matrigel, suggested effects independent ofmatrix identity. HK_(a) might inhibit the binding of growth factors tocellular glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate, or to specificgrowth factor receptors. However, this explanation is unlikely, sincewithdrawal of growth factors does not lead to EC apoptosis within 6hours—a time frame in which HK_(a) induced apoptotic changes.

McCrae's group recently observed that the cleaved form of HK_(a)inhibited bFGF-stimulated angiogenesis in vivo. (Zhang J-C. et al.,FASEB. J. 14:2589-600, 2000). In vitro, HK_(a) potently inhibited theproliferation of HUVEC and human dermal microvascular ECs (HDMVEC),inducing EC. apoptosis. Several peptides were identified with sequencescorresponding to the binding regions within D3. and D5. of HK_(a) thatinhibited EC proliferation at low μM to nM concentrations. Comparison ofthe sequences of overlapping peptides used in these studies led to theidentification peptides of 4-8. amino acids that mediated this activity.Compared to the antiproliferative effects, the anti-adhesive effects ofHK_(a) appear to be of less importance since EC adhesion was onlymodestly inhibited at HK_(a) concentrations >100 nM, whereasanti-proliferative effects were observed at concentrations as low as ˜1nM. McCrae (WO 00/35407; PCT/US99/28465) has described variants of the8-mer peptide X₁-Asn-Asn-Ala-Thr-Phe-Tyr-Phe-Lys-X₂, which are discussedin the context of EXAMPLE I.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present inventors have discovered that HK-D3. polypeptides and otherbiologically active derivatives of HK-D3, exhibit anti-angiogenic andanti-tumor activity. The anti-angiogenic action may occur in partthrough inhibition of oxidative stress, which has recently beendemonstrated in vitro to contribute to the pathophysiology ofangiogenesis (Brown et al. (2000) Cancer Res. 60:6298). Oxidative stressleading to angiogenesis may require transition metals such as zinc andcopper—small molecule copper chelators have been demonstrated to inhibittumor growth in vivo (Brewer, G J, International Patent publicationWO/013712 (2000)).

The present invention includes the first demonstration that HK-D3. and avariant thereof inhibit angiogenesis. The present invention providesnovel methods to inhibit or reduce angiogenesis, tumor growth, ECproliferation, EC migration or EC tube formation using HK-D3 or itsbiologically active variants or derivatives.

Transition metals and oxidative stress have been implicated in theetiology of non-cancerous diseases, especially, neurodegenerativediseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease andamyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The present invention also providescompositions and methods for the treatment of any of these and otherdiseases whose pathobiology involves abnormal presence or undesiredaction of transition metals, including conditions where the presence ofthe transition metal may induce oxidative stress.

The present invention is directed to an isolated anti-angiogenicpolypeptide having the sequence of HK-D3v (SEQ ID. NO:2 or a variantthereof, or a variant of native HK-D3. (SEQ ID. NO:1), which hassubstantially the same or greater biological activity, and preferably atleast about 20% of the biological activity, of native HK-D3. ininhibiting angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation or endothelialtube formation in an in vitro or in vivo bioassay.

Also provided is a diagnostically or therapeutically labeledanti-angiogenic polypeptide as labeled above with a diagnostic ortherapeutic label. A diagnostically useful HK-D3-related compositioncomprises (a) the above diagnostically labeled polypeptide; and (b) adiagnostically acceptable carrier.

A preferred detectable label includes a radionuclide, a PET-imageableagent, an MRI-imageable agent, a fluorescer, a fluorogen, a chromophore,a chromogen, a phosphorescer, a chemiluminescer or a bioluminescer.Preferred radionuclides are ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁵S, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ⁸⁹Zr, ⁹⁷Ru,⁹⁹Tc, ¹¹¹In, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁶⁹Yb and ²⁰¹Tl.

Preferred fluorescers are fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl, phycoerythrin,phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde, fluorescamine, afluorescein derivative, Oregon Green, Rhodamine Green, Rhodol Green andTexas Red.

The invention is also directed to an anti-angiogenic pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising :an effective amount of the polypeptide describedabove and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. A preferred therapeuticanti-angiogenic pharmaceutical composition comprises (a) an effectiveamount of a therapeutically labeled polypeptide as described above towhich is bound directly or indirectly a therapeutically active moiety;and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Preferably, thetherapeutic composition is in a form suitable for injection.

One class of preferred therapeutically active moieties areradionuclides, preferably selected from the group consisting of ⁴⁷Sc,⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At, ²¹²Pb and²¹⁷Bi.

Also provided is a method for inhibiting cell migration, cell invasion,cell proliferation or angiogenesis, or for inducing apoptosis,comprising contacting cells associated with undesired cell migration,invasion, proliferation or angiogenesis with an effective amount of thepolypeptide described above, preferably a pharmaceutical composition asabove.

In another embodiment, the invention provides an isolated nucleic acidthat encodes the polypeptide of claim 1. Preferred nucleic acids arethose having SEQ ID. NO:3. or SEQ ID. NO:4, or homologues or variantsthereof that encode biologically active anti-angiogenic peptides.

Also provided is an expression vector comprising the above nucleic acidoperatively linked to (a) a promoter, and (b) optionally, additionalregulatory sequences that regulate expression of the nucleic acid in aeukaryotic cell. The expression vector may be a plasmid or a viralvector.

In another embodiment, this invention is directed to a cell, preferablya mammalian cells, most preferably a human cell, transformed ortransfected with the above nucleic acid molecule or expression vector.

This invention includes a method for providing to a cell, tissue ororgan an angiogenesis-inhibitory amount of HK-D3, HK-D3v, or a variantthereof, comprising administering to the cell tissue or organ, the aboveexpression vector, such that the nucleic acid is taken up and expressedin the cell, tissue or organ. This administering is preferably in vivo.

In another embodiment of the method, an angiogenesis-inhibitory amountof HK-D3, HK-D3v, or a variant thereof is provided to a cell, tissue ororgan by contacting, preferably in vivo, the cell tissue or organ, withthe transformed or transfected cells described above, wherein theadministered cells express the polypeptide.

Also provided is a method for inhibiting angiogenesis in a subject inneed of such inhibition, comprising administering to the subject aneffective amount of the above expression vector such that the nucleicacid is expressed resulting in the presence of anangiogenesis-inhibiting amount of the polypeptide, thereby inhibitingthe angiogenesis.

In another embodiment, the method for inhibiting angiogenesis in asubject in need of such inhibition comprises administering to thesubject an effective amount of the transformed or transfected cells asabove, which cells produce and provide in the subject anangiogenesis-inhibiting amount of the polypeptide, thereby inhibitingthe angiogenesis.

The above methods may be used to treat a subject, preferably a human,who has a tumor, wherein the angiogenesis inhibition results inreduction in size or growth rate of the tumor or destruction of thetumor.

In yet another embodiment, the invention is directed to an affinityligand useful for binding to or isolating an HK-D3-binding molecule orcells expressing the binding molecule, comprising a polypeptide asdescribed above immobilized to a solid support or carrier.

A method for isolating a HK-D3-binding molecule from a complex mixturecomprises:.

(a) contacting the mixture with the affinity ligand of claim 33;

(b) allowing material in the mixture to bind to the ligand;

(c) removing unbound material from the ligand; and

(d) eluting the bound HK-D3-binding molecule,

thereby isolating the HK-D3. binding molecule.

A method for isolating or enriching cells expressing a HK-D3 -bindingsite or receptor from a cell mixture, comprises.

(a) contacting the cell mixture with the affinity ligand of claim 33;

(b) allowing any cells expressing the binding site or receptor to bindto the affinity ligand;

(c) separating cells bound to the affinity ligand from unbound cells;and

(d) removing the bound cells from the affinity ligand,

thereby isolating or enriching the HK-D3 binding site-expressing cells.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of HK showing the domainarchitecture of high molecular kininogen (HK) and activated highmolecular weight kininogen (HKa).

FIG. 2A shows the expression and purification scheme for. HK-D3, whichwas expressed in E. coli as a fusion protein, CBP-HK-D3, comprisingcalmodulin binding protein (CBP) and HK-D3. The cDNA for domain 3. ofkininogen was PCR-amplified from a full-length HK cDNA and inserted intopCAL-n (Stratagene). E. coli were transformed with this expressionvector and induced with 1. mM IPTG. Cells were harvested and thesupernatants and inclusion bodies analyzed by SDS-PAGE. CBP-HK-D3. wasfound predominantly in the inclusion bodies and was purified fromisolated inclusion bodies after refolding by dilution in TBS, pH 8.0containing a glutathione redox buffer. The refolded protein was firstpassed through a Calmodulin (CaM) affinity resin (Stratagene). The CBPportion was removed by controlled thrombin digestion and the HK-D3.further purified with a HiTrap Q™ resin (Pharmacia) The fractions wereanalyzed by SDS-PAGE, those containing HK-D3. pooled, dialyzed and themolecular mass of the sample determined by MALDI-TOF. FIG. 2B shows agel of the final HK-D3v pool.

FIG. 3 shows the inhibition of EC proliferation by recombinant HK-D3v.HUVEC in EBM media (3,000 cells/well) were added to 96 well platescoated with gelatin. The cells were allowed to adhere for 4 hours atwhich time the EBM media was exchanged for EBM+bFGF (10 ng/mL) with orwithout the test inhibitor. The plates were allowed to incubate for 48hours at which time the total cell number per each well was determinedusing the MTS assay (n=3 per each concentration of inhibitor).

FIG. 4A and 4B show the inhibition of FGF-stimulated EC tube formationon Matrigel® as a test of angiogenesis. Matrigel® was plated into 96well plates. bFGF (10 ng/mL) stimulated tube formation by HUVEC (12,000cells/well). HK D3v (250 nM) inhibited tube formation. The plates wereevaluated by two independent readers after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C.

FIG. 5A and 5B show the inhibition of EC tube formation on Matrigel®stimulated by the combination of bFGF (10 ng/mL), VEGF (1 ng/mL) and PMA(20 nM) as for FIGS. 4A and 4B). Here too, 250 nM HK-D3v inhibited tubeformation.

FIG. 6 is a graphic representation that quantitates the inhibition oftube formation shown in FIGS. 4A/4B and 5A/5B.

FIG. 7 shows that HK-D3v (10 and 30 μg per 0.5. ml plug) inhibited thegrowth of the rat prostate carcinoma MatLyLu (“MLL”) tumor in vivo inthe Matrigel® plug model n=3.

FIG. 8A compares the tumor growth inhibitory activity of HK_(a) andHK-D3 (1 μM) expressed as tumor weight, in the MLL model above. FIG. 8Bcompares the angiogenesis-inhibitory activity of HKa and HK-D3 (1 μM) asreflected in tumor Hb concentrations (determined by the Drabkin'smethod).

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

No role for the complete HK-D3 polypeptide as an inhibitor ofangiogenesis had been suggested prior to the making of the presentinvention. The present inventors conceived that native HK-D3 andbiologically active HK-D3 polypeptides, homologues, variants and otherfunctional derivatives exhibit anti-angiogenic activity and, therefore,anti-tumor activity. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising thesecompounds are useful in the treatment of cancer and other diseasesassociated with aberrant or undesired angiogenesis.

Native HK-D3. has a length of 123 amino acids and a molecular weight of14007 Da. The amino acid sequence, SEQ ID. NO:1, is: 1 GKDFVQPPTKICVGCPRDIP TNSPELEETL THTITKLNAE NNATFYFKID NVKKARVQVV 61 AGKKYFIDFVARETTCSKES NEELTESCET KKLGQSLDCN AEVYVVPWEK KIYPTVNCQP 121 LGM

An N-terminal addition variant of HK-D3, designated HK-D3v(GS), thatincludes an additional GS sequence at the N-terminus (underscored below)results as a byproduct of the expression system. Its sequence is shownbelow (SEQ ID. NO:2). 1 GSGKDFVQPP TKICVGCPRD IPTNSPELEE TLTHTITKLNAENNATFYFK IDNVKKARVQ 61 VVAGKKYFID FVARETTCSK ESNEELTESC ETKKLGQSLDCNAEVYVVPW EKKIYPTVNC 121 QPLGM

Another variant of HK-D3, designated HK-D3v (shown below as SEQ IDNO:3), which the present inventors cloned and expressed and tested inthe Examples below, has a length of 127 amino acids and a molecularweight of 14409 Da. First, the N-terminal G and S are not part of thenative HK-D3. sequence. The additions at the N-terminus andreplacements/additions at the C-terminus are underscored. 1 GSGKDFVQPPTKICVGCPRD IPTNSPELEE SEQ ID NO:3 TLTHTITKLN AENNATFYFK IDNVKKARVQ 61VVAGKKYFID FVARETTCSK ESNEELTESC ETKKLGQSLD CNAEVYVVPW EKKIYPTVTV 121NHWECEF

As used herein, the term “HK-D3” will be understood to refer todomain-3. peptides of HK including biologically active homologues suchas substitution or addition variants of native HK-D3. and other variantsof such homologues that share the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumorproperties of HK-D3v as exemplified herein.

Native HK-D3. is encoded by DNA having the following sequence (SEQ IDNO:4): GGGAAGGATTTTGTACAACCACCTACCAAGATTTGCGTGGGCTGCCCCAGAGATATACCCACCAACAGCCCAGAGCTGGAGGAGACACTGACTCACACCATCACAAAGCTTAATGCAGAGAATAACGCAACTTTCTATTTCAAGATTGACAATGTGAAAAAAGCAAGAGTACAGGTGGTGGCTGGCAAGAAATATTTTATTGACTTCGTGGCCAGGGAAACCACATGTTCCAAGGAAAGTAATGAAGAGTTGACCGAAAGCTGTGAGACCAAAAAACTTGGCCAAAGCCTAGATTGCAACGCTGAAGTTTATGTGGTACCCTGGGAGAAAAAAATTTACCCTACTGTCAA CTGTCAACCACTGGGAATG

DNA encoding HK-D3v(GS) has the following nucleotide sequence (SEQ IDNO:5): GGATCCGGGAAGGATTTTGTACAACCACCTACCAAGATTTGCGTGGGCTGCCCCAGAGATATACCCACCAACAGCCCAGAGCTGGAGGAGACACTGACTCACACCATCACAAAGCTTAATGCAGAGAATAACGCAACTTTCTATTTCAAGATTGACAATGTGAAAAAAGCAAGAGTACAGGTGGTGGCTGGCAAGAAATATTTTATTGACTTCGTGGCCAGGGAAACCACATGTTCCAAGGAAAGTAATGAAGAGTTGACCGAAAGCTGTGAGACCAAAAAACTTGGCCAAAGCCTAGATTGCAACGCTGAAGTTTATGTGGTACCCTGGGAGAAAAAAATTTACCCTACTGTCAACTGTCAACCACTGGGAATG

DNA encoding HK-D3v has the following nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:6):GGATCCGGGAAGGATTTTGTACAACCACCTACCAAGATTTGCGTGGGCTGCCCCAGAGATATACCCACCAACAGCCCAGAGCTGGAGGAGACACTGACTCACACCATCACAAAGCTTAATGCAGAGAATAACGCAACTTTCTATTTCAAGATTGACAATGTGAAAAAAGCAAGAGTACAGGTGGTGGCTGGCAAGAAATATTTTATTGACTTCGTGGCCAGGGAAACCACATGTTCCAAGGAAAGTAATGAAGAGTTGACCGAAAGCTGTGAGACCAAAAAACTTGGCCAAAGCCTAGATTGCAACGCTGAAGTTTATGTGGTACCCTGGGAGAAAAAAATTTACCCTACTGTCACTGTCAACCACTGGGAATGTGAATTC

Other homologues or variants of the native HK-D3 polypeptide that sharesequence similarity also exhibit anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoractivity.

A functional homologue must possess the biochemical and biologicalactivity of the native molecule, preferably the anti-angiogenic andanti-tumor activity, which can be tested using in vitro or in vivomethods described herein or others well-known in the art. In view ofthis functional characterization, use of homologous kininogen D3proteins from other species, including proteins not yet discovered,falls within the scope of the invention if these proteins have sequencesimilarity and the recited biochemical and biological activity.

To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences or of twonucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimal comparisonpurposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and asecond amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment andnon-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). Ina preferred method of alignment, Cys residues are aligned.

In a preferred embodiment, the length of a sequence being compared is atleast 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least 50%, evenmore preferably at least 60%, and even more preferably at least 70%,80%, or 90% of the length of the reference sequence. For example,preferred alignment would be with HK-D3 (SEQ ID NO:1) or HK-D3v (SEQ IDNO:2), at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferably at least50%, even more preferably at least 60% and even more preferably at least70, 80 or 90 % of the amino acid residues are aligned. The amino acidresidues (or nucleotides from the coding sequence) at correspondingamino acid (or nucleotide) positions are then compared. When a positionin the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue (ornucleotide) as the corresponding position in the second sequence, thenthe molecules are identical at that position (as used herein amino acidor nucleic acid “identity” is equivalent to amino acid or nucleic acid“homology”). The percent identity between the two sequences is afunction of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences,taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap,which need to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identitybetween two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between twoamino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J.Mol. Biol. 48:444-453 (1970) algorithm which has been incorporated intothe GAP program in the GCG software package (available athttp://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossom 62 matrix or a PAM250matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a lengthweight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet another preferred embodiment, thepercent identity between two nucleotide sequences is determined usingthe GAP program in the GCG software package (available at the websitehaving the URL. “gcg.com”, using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weightof 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Inanother embodiment, the percent identity between two amino acid ornucleotide sequences is determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers etal. (CABIOS, 4:11-17 (1989)) which has been incorporated into the ALIGNprogram (version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap lengthpenalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

The nucleic acid and protein sequences of the present invention canfurther be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against publicdatabases, for example, to identify other family members or relatedsequences. Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLASTprograms (version 2.0) of Altschul et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol.215:403-10. BLAST nucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLASTprogram, score=100, wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequenceshomologous to human or murine HK-D3 nucleic acid molecules. BLASTprotein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score=50,wordlength=3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the nativeHK-D3 protein and its homologues. To obtain gapped alignments forcomparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described inAltschul et al. (1997) Nucl Acids Res. 25:3389-3402. When utilizingBLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of therespective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See thewebsite having the URL “ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.”

Thus, a homologue of the HK-D3. described above is characterized ashaving (a) functional activity of native HK-D3. or of HK-D3v, and (b)sequence similarity to a native HK-D3 or HK-D3v when determined asabove, of at least about 30% (at the amino acid level), preferably atleast about 50%, more preferably at least about 70%, even morepreferably at least about 90%.

It is within the skill in the art to obtain and express such a proteinusing DNA probes based on the disclosed sequences of HK-D3. and HK-D3v.Then, the protein's biochemical and biological activity can be testedreadily using art-recognized methods such as those described herein. Abiological assay of endothelial cell proliferation will indicate whetherthe homologue has the requisite activity to qualify as a “functional”homologue.

Polypeptide Compositions

A preferred composition is, or comprises, a biologically active variantor derivative of HK-D3. characterized in that it possesses the bindingactivity and/or biological activity of HK-D3. Such binding is to aligand (or “receptor”) that is preferably a member of the following“classes:”

(1) thrombospondin, or

(2) an endothelial cell surface molecule.

HK-D3 may bind similarly to other molecules that interact with these twotypes of “ligands.” Thus, the present invention preferably includes anyHK-D3. homologue, variant or derivative hat binds specifically tothrombospondin or endothelial cells.

Moreover, a biologically active polypeptide as intended here has HK-D3activity in an in vitro or in vivo assay of binding or an assay ofbiological activity, such as those described herein. Preferably thepolypeptide inhibits endothelial cell proliferation or migration, ECtube formation, angiogenesis or tumor growth with activity at leastabout 20 % of the activity of HK-D3 or of HK-D3v.

The polypeptide may be capped at its N and C termini with an acyl(abbreviated “Ac”) -and an amido (abbreviated “Am”) group, respectively,for example acetyl (CH₃CO—) at the N terminus and amido (—NH₂) at the Cterminus.

A broad range of N-terminal capping functions, preferably in a linkageto the terminal amino group, is contemplated, for example:

formyl;

alkanoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as acetyl, propionyl,butyryl;

alkenoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as hex-3-enoyl;

alkynoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as hex-5-ynoyl;

aroyl, such as benzoyl or 1-naphthoyl;

heteroaroyl, such as 3-pyrroyl or 4-quinoloyl;

alkylsulfonyl, such as methanesulfonyl;

arylsulfonyl, such as benzenesulfonyl or sulfanilyl;

heteroarylsulfonyl, such as pyridine-4-sulfonyl;

substituted alkanoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as4-aminobutyryl;

substituted alkenoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as6-hydroxy-hex-3-enoyl;

substituted alkynoyl, having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as3-hydroxy-hex-5-ynoyl;

substituted aroyl, such as 4-chlorobenzoyl or 8-hydroxy-naphth-2-oyl;

substituted heteroaroyl, such as2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-3-methyl-quinazolin-6-oyl;

substituted alkylsulfonyl, such as 2-aminoethanesulfonyl;

substituted arylsulfonyl, such as 5-dimethylamino-1-naphthalenesulfonyl;

substituted heteroarylsulfonyl, such as1-methoxy-6-isoquinolinesulfonyl;

carbamoyl or thiocarbamoyl;

substituted carbamoyl (R′—NH—CO) or substituted thiocarbamoyl (R′—NH—CS)wherein R′ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, substitutedalkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, orsubstituted heteroaryl;

substituted carbamoyl (R′—NH—CO) and substituted thiocarbamoyl(R′—NH—CS) wherein R′ is alkanoyl, alkenoyl, alkynoyl, aroyl,heteroaroyl, substituted alkanoyl, substituted alkenoyl, substitutedalkynoyl, substituted aroyl, or substituted heteroaroyl, all as abovedefined.

The C-terminal capping function can either be in an amide or ester bondwith the terminal carboxyl. Capping functions that provide for an amidebond are designated as NR′R² wherein R′ and R² may be independentlydrawn from the following group:

hydrogen;

alkyl, preferably having from 1. to 10 carbon atoms, such as methyl,ethyl, isopropyl;

alkenyl, preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such asprop-2-enyl;

alkynyl, preferably having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such asprop-2-ynyl;

substituted alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such ashydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, halogenoalkyl,cyanoalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl,alkanoylalkyl, carboxyalkyl, carbamoylalkyl;

substituted alkenyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such ashydroxyalkenyl, alkoxyalkenyl, mercaptoalkenyl, alkylthioalkenyl,halogenoalkenyl, cyanoalkenyl, aminoalkenyl, alkylaminoalkenyl,dialkylaminoalkenyl, alkanoylalkenyl, carboxyalkenyl, carbamoylalkenyl;

substituted alkynyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such ashydroxyalkynyl, alkoxyalkynyl, mercaptoalkynyl, alkylthioalkynyl,halogenoalkynyl, cyanoalkynyl, aminoalkynyl, alkylaminoalkynyl,dialkylaminoalkynyl, alkanoylalkynyl, carboxyalkynyl, carbamoylalkynyl;

aroylalkyl having up to 10 carbon atoms, such as phenacyl or2-benzoylethyl;

aryl, such as phenyl or 1-naphthyl;

heteroaryl, such as 4-quinolyl;

alkanoyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such as acetyl or butyryl;

aroyl, such as benzoyl;

heteroaroyl, such as 3-quinoloyl;

OR′ or NR′R″ where R′ and R″ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl,heteroaryl, acyl, aroyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, or SO₂—R′″ or SO—R′″ whereR′″ is substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, oralkynyl.

Capping functions that provide for an ester bond are designated as OR,wherein R may be: alkoxy; aryloxy; heteroaryloxy; aralkyloxy;heteroaralkyloxy; substituted alkoxy; substituted aryloxy; substitutedheteroaryloxy; substituted aralkyloxy; or substituted heteroaralkyloxy.

Either the N-terminal or the C-terminal capping function, or both, maybe of such structure that the capped molecule functions as a prodrug (apharmacologically inactive derivative of the parent drug molecule) thatundergoes spontaneous or enzymatic transformation within the body inorder to release the active drug and that has improved deliveryproperties over the parent drug molecule (Bundgaard H, Ed: Design ofProdrugs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985).

Judicious choice of capping groups allows the addition of otheractivities on the peptide. For example, the presence of a sulfhydrylgroup linked to the N- or C-terminal cap will permit conjugation of thederivatized peptide to other molecules.

Production of Polypeptides and Derivatives

General Chemical Synthetic Procedures

The polypeptides of the invention are preferably be prepared usingrecombinant DNA technology although they may also be prepared usingsolid-phase synthesis [???], such as that generally described byMerrifield, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 85:2149-54 (1963), although otherequivalent chemical syntheses known in the art are also useful.Solid-phase peptide synthesis may be initiated from the C-terminus ofthe peptide by coupling a protected cc-amino acid to a suitable resin.Such a starting material can be prepared by attaching ancc-amino-protected amino acid by an ester linkage to a chloromethylatedresin or to a hydroxymethyl resin, or by an amide bond to a BHA resin orMBHA resin. Such methods, well-known in the art, are disclosed, forexample, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,994,309 which is incorporated by referencein its entirety.

Amino Acid Substitution and Addition Variants

Also included in this invention are polypeptides in which at least oneamino acid residue and preferably, between one and five, more preferablybetween one and three, have been replaced compared to the nativesequence. For a detailed description of protein chemistry and structure,see Schulz, G E et al., Principles of Protein Structure,Springer-Verlag, New York, 1979, and Creighton, T E, Proteins: Structureand Molecular Principles, W.H. Freeman & Co., San Francisco, 1984, whichare hereby incorporated by reference. The preferred types ofsubstitutions are conservative substitutions which are defined herein asexchanges within one of the following groups:

1. Small aliphatic, nonpolar or slightly polar residues: e.g., Ala, Ser,Thr, Gly;

2. Polar, negatively charged residues and their amides: e.g., Asp, Asn,Glu, Gln;

3. Polar, positively charged residues:. e.g., His, Arg, Lys;

Pro, because of its unusual geometry, tightly constrains the chain. Moresubstantial changes in functional properties are made by selectingsubstitutions that are less conservative, such as between, rather thanwithin, the above groups (or two other amino acid groups not shownabove), which will differ more significantly in their effect onmaintaining (a) the structure of the peptide backbone in the area of thesubstitution (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at thetarget site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. Most substitutionsaccording to the present invention are those that do not produce radicalchanges in the functional characteristics of the peptide molecule. Evenwhen it is difficult to predict the exact effect of a substitution inadvance of doing so, one skilled in the art will appreciate that theeffect can be evaluated by routine screening assays, preferably thebiological assays or binding assays described below. Modifications ofpeptide properties including redox or thermal stability, hydrophobicity,susceptibility to proteolytic degradation or the tendency to aggregatewith carriers or into multimers are tested by methods well known tothose of skill.

The present invention provides methods to inhibit or reduceangiogenesis, tumor growth, EC proliferation, EC migration or EC tubeformation.

The invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprisingpolypeptide or peptide homologues, variants or other derivatives ofHK-D3.

The nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:4) and amino acid sequence (SEQ ID.NO:1) of HK-D3. are derived from the sequence of the full length HKprotein and DNA or shorter fragments that are available from GenBank(e.g., GenBank Accession number AH005302 and Swiss Prot number:. P01042.

Although HK-D3 may be derived from cleavage of intact HK that isisolated from a body fluid such as blood or urine, a tissue extracts oras a product of a cell line growing in culture that produces “native”HK-D3 or that has been genetically modified with DNA encoding nativeHK-D3 or encoding a functional variant thereof to express thepolypeptide or variant.

HK-D3 polypeptides or derivatives are most preferably produced byrecombinant methods including from prokaryotic sources such as E. colias described in more detail below. Recombinant techniques known in theart include, but are not limited to DNA amplification using PCR of acDNA library for example by reverse transcription of MRNA in cellsextracts followed by PCR.

Basic texts disclosing general methods of molecular biology, all ofwhich are incorporated by reference, include: Sambrook, J. et al.,Molecular Cloning:. A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) Edition, Cold SpringHarbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989; Ausubel, F M et al.Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, Wiley-Interscience,N.Y., (current edition); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: ALaboratory Manual (1990); Glover, D M, ed, DNA Cloning: A PracticalApproach, vol. I & II, IRL Press, 1985; Albers, B. et al., MolecularBiology of the Cell, 2^(nd) Ed., Garland Publishing, Inc., New York,N.Y. (1989); Watson, J D. et al., Recombinant DNA, 2^(nd) Ed.,Scientific American Books, New York, 1992; and Old, R W et al.,Principles of Gene Manipulation: An Introduction to Genetic Engineering,2^(nd) Ed., University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif. (1981).

Chemical Derivatives of HK-D3

“Chemical derivatives” of HK-D3 contain additional chemical moieties notnormally a part of the protein. Covalent modifications of thepolypeptide are included within the scope of this invention. Suchderivatized moieties may improve the solubility, absorption, biologicalhalf life, and the like. Moieties capable of mediating such effects aredisclosed, for example, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16^(th)ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1980).

Such modifications may be introduced into the molecule by reactingtargeted amino acid residues of the polypeptide with an organicderivatizing agent that is capable of reacting with selected side chainsor terminal residues. Another modification is cyclization of theprotein.

Cysteinyl residues most commonly are reacted with α-haloacetates (andcorresponding amines) to give carboxymethyl or carboxyamidomethylderivatives. Cysteinyl residues also are derivatized by reaction withbromotrifluoroacetone, α-bromo-β-(5-imidozoyl) propionic acid,chloroacetyl phosphate, N-alkylmaleimides, 3-nitro-2-pyridyl disulfide,methyl 2-pyridyl disulfide, p-chloromercuribenzoate,2-chloromercuri-4-nitrophenol, or chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole.

Histidyl residues are derivatized by reaction with diethylprocarbonate(pH 5.5-7.0) which agent is relatively specific for the histidyl sidechain p-bromophenacyl bromide also is useful; the reaction is preferablyperformed in 0.1 M sodium cacodylate at pH 6.0.

Lysinyl and amino terminal residues are derivatized with succinic orother carboxylic acid anhydrides. Derivatization with a cycliccarboxylic anhydride has the effect of reversing the charge of thelysinyl residues. Other suitable reagents for derivatizingamino-containing residues include imidoesters such as methylpicolinimidate; pyridoxal phosphate; pyridoxal; chloroborohydride;trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid; O-methylisourea; 2,4 pentanedione; andtransaminase-catalyzed reaction with glyoxylate.

Arginyl residues are modified by reaction with one or severalconventional reagents, including phenylglyoxal, 2,3-butanedione,1,2-cyclohexanedione, and ninhydrin. Such derivatization requires thatthe reaction be performed in alkaline conditions because of the highpK_(a) of the guanidine functional group. Furthermore, these reagentsmay react with the groups of lysine as well as the arginine ε-aminogroup.

Modification of tyrosyl residues has permits introduction of spectrallabels into a polypeptide. This is accomplished by reaction witharomatic diazonium compounds or tetranitromethane. Most commonly,N-acetylimidizol and tetranitromethane are used to create O-acetyltyrosyl species and 3-nitro derivatives, respectively.

Carboxyl side groups, aspartyl or glutamyl, may be selectively modifiedby reaction with carbodiimides (R—N═C═N—R′) such as1-cyclohexyl-3-(2-morpholinyl-(4-ethyl) carbodiimide or1-ethyl-3-(4-azonia-4,4-dimethylpentyl) carbodiimide. Furthermore,aspartyl and glutamyl residues can be converted to asparaginyl andglutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonia.

Aspartyl and glutamyl residues are converted to asparaginyl andglutaminyl residues by reaction with ammonium ions. Conversely,glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues may be deamidated to thecorresponding glutamyl and aspartyl residues. Deamidation can beperformed under mildly acidic conditions. Either form of these residuesfalls within the scope of this invention.

Derivatization with bifunctional agents is useful for cross-linking thepolypeptide to a water-insoluble support matrix or other macromoleculecarrier. Commonly used cross-linking agents include1,1-bis(diazoacetyl)-2-phenylethane, glutaraldehyde,N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, esters with 4-azidosalicylic acid,homobifunctional imidoesters, including disuccinimidyl esters such as3,3′-dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate), and bifunctional maleimides suchas bis-N-maleimido-1,8-octane.

Derivatizing agents such asmethyl-3-[(p-azidophenyl)dithio]propioimidate yield photoactivatableintermediates that are capable of forming crosslinks in the presence oflight. Alternatively, reactive water-insoluble matrices such as cyanogenbromide-activated carbohydrates and the reactive substrates described inU.S. Pat. Nos. 3,969,287; 3,691,016; 4,195,128; 4,247,642; 4,229,537;and 4,330,440 are employed for protein immobilization.

Other modifications include hydroxylation of proline and lysine,phosphorylation of the hydroxyl groups of seryl or threonyl residues,methylation of the α-amino groups of lysine, arginine, and histidineside chains (Creighton, supra), acetylation of the N-terminal amine,and, in some instances, amidation of the C-terminal carboxyl groups.

Also included are polypeptides wherein one or more D-amino acids aresubstituted for one or more L-amino acids.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Compositions

The polypeptide or peptide of the invention can be detectably labeledand used, for example, to detect a polypeptide binding protein ligand ora cellular binding site/receptor, such as the binding sites on ECsdescribed above, whether on the surface or in the interior of a cell.The fate of the polypeptide during and after binding can be followed invitro. or in vivo by using the appropriate method to detect the label.The labeled polypeptide may be utilized in vivo for diagnosis andprognosis, for example to image occult metastatic foci or for othertypes of in situ evaluations.

The term “diagnostically labeled” means that the polypeptide hasattached to it a diagnostically detectable label. There are manydifferent labels and methods of labeling known to those of ordinaryskill in the art, described below. General classes of labels which canbe used in the present invention include radioactive isotopes,paramagnetic isotopes, and compounds which can be imaged by positronemission tomography (PET), fluorescent or colored compounds, etc.Suitable detectable labels include radioactive, fluorescent,fluorogenic, chromogenic, or other chemical labels. Useful radiolabels(radionuclides), which are detected simply by gamma counter,scintillation counter or autoradiography include ³H, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S and¹⁴C. ¹³¹I is also a useful therapeutic isotope (see below).

A number of U.S. patents, incorporated by reference herein, disclosemethods and compositions for complexing metals to larger molecules,including description of useful chelating agents. The metals arepreferably detectable metal atoms, including radionuclides, and arecomplexed to proteins and other molecules. These documents include: U.S.Pat. No. 5,627,286 (Heteroatom-bearing ligands and metal complexesthereof);. U.S. Pat. No. 5,618,513. (Method for preparing radiolabeledpeptides); U.S. Pat. No. 5,567,408; U.S. Pat. No. 5,443,816(Peptide-metal ion pharmaceutical preparation and method); U.S. Pat. No.5,561,220 (Tc-^(99m) labeled peptides for imaging inflammation).

Common fluorescent labels include fluorescein, rhodamine, dansyl,phycoerythrin, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, o-phthaldehyde andfluorescamine. The fluorophore, such as the dansyl group, must beexcited by light of a particular wavelength to fluoresce. See, forexample, Haugland, Handbook of Fluorescent Probes and ResearchChemicals, Sixth Ed., Molecular Probes, Eugene, Oreg., 1996).Fluorescein, fluorescein derivatives and fluorescein-like molecules suchas Oregon Green™ and its derivatives, Rhodamine Green™ and RhodolGreen™, are coupled to amine groups using the isothiocyanate,succinimidyl ester or dichlorotriazinyl-reactive groups. Similarly,fluorophores may also be coupled to thiols using maleimide,iodoacetamide, and aziridine-reactive groups. The long wavelengthrhodamines, which are basically Rhodamine Green™ derivatives withsubstituents on the nitrogens, are among the most photostablefluorescent labeling reagents known. Their spectra are not affected bychanges in pH between 4 and 10, an important advantage over thefluoresceins for many biological applications. This group includes thetetramethylrhodamines, X-rhodamines and Texas Red™ derivatives. Otherpreferred fluorophores for derivatizing the polypeptide according tothis invention are those which are excited by ultraviolet light.Examples include cascade blue, coumarin derivatives, naphthalenes (ofwhich dansyl chloride is a member), pyrenes and pyridyloxazolederivatives. Also included as labels are two related inorganic materialsthat have recently been described: semiconductor nanocrystals,comprising, for example, cadmium sulfate (Bruchez, M. et al., Science281:2013-2016 (1998), and quantum dots, e.g., zinc-sulfide-capped Cdselenide (Chan, W C et al., Science 281:2016-2018. (1998)).

In yet another approach, the amino group of the polypeptide is allowedto react with reagents that yield fluorescent products, for example,fluorescamine, dialdehydes such as o-phthaldialdehyde,naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxylate and anthracene-2,3-dicarboxylate.7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD) derivatives, both chloride andfluoride, are useful to modify amines to yield fluorescent products.

The polypeptides of the invention can also be labeled for detectionusing fluorescence-emitting metals such as ¹⁵²Eu, or others of thelanthanide series. These metals can be attached to the polypeptide usingsuch metal chelating groups as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA,see Example X, infra) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). DTPA,for example, is available as the anhydride, which can readily modif theNH₂-containing polypeptides of this invention.

For in vivo diagnosis or therapy, radionuclides may be bound to thepolypeptide either directly or indirectly using a chelating agent suchas DTPA and EDTA. Examples of such radionuclides are ⁹⁹Tc, ¹²³I, ¹²⁵I,¹³¹I, ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁷Ru, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁶⁷Ga ⁶⁸Ga, ⁷²As, ⁸⁹Zr, ⁹⁰Y and ²⁰¹Tl.Generally, the amount of labeled polypeptide needed for detectability indiagnostic use will vary depending on considerations such as age,condition, sex, and extent of disease in the patient, contraindications,if any, and other variables, and is to be adjusted by the individualphysician or diagnostician. Dosage can vary from 0.01 mg/kg to 100mg/kg.

The polypeptide can also be made detectable by coupling thereto aphosphorescent or a chemiluminescent compound. The presence of thechemiluminescent-tagged polypeptide is then determined by detecting thepresence of luminescence that arises during the course of a chemicalreaction. Examples of particularly useful chemilumiiescers are luminol,isoluminol, theromatic acridinium ester, imidazole, acridinium salt andoxalate ester. Likewise, a bioluminescent compound may be used to labelthe polypeptides. Bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence foundin biological systems in which a catalytic protein increases theefficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. The presence of abioluminescent protein is determined by detecting the presence ofluminescence. Important bioluminescent compounds for purposes oflabeling are luciferin, luciferase and aequorin.

In yet another embodiment, colorimetric detection is used, based onchromogenic compounds which have, or result in, chromophores with highextinction coefficients.

In situ detection of the labeled polypeptide may be accomplished byremoving a histological specimen from a subject and examining it bymicroscopy under appropriate conditions to detect the label. Those ofordinary skill will readily perceive that any of a wide variety ofhistological methods (such as staining procedures) can be modified inorder to achieve such in situ detection.

For diagnostic in vivo. radioimaging, the type of detection instrumentavailable is a major factor in selecting a radionuclide. Theradionuclide chosen must have a type of decay which is detectable by aparticular instrument. In general, any conventional method forvisualizing diagnostic imaging can be utilized in accordance with thisinvention. Another factor in selecting a radionuclide for in vivodiagnosis is that its half-life be long enough so that the label isstill detectable at the time of maximum uptake by the target tissue, butshort enough so that deleterious irradiation of the host is minimized.In one preferred embodiment, a radionuclide used for in vivo imagingdoes not emit particles, but produces a large number of photons in a140-200 keV range, which may be readily detected by conventional gammacameras.

In vivo imaging may be used to detect occult metastases which are notobservable by other methods. Imaging could be used to stage tumorsnon-invasively or to detect other diseases which are associated with thepresence of increased levels of a HK-D3-binding site or ligand.

Peptidomimetics

A preferred type of chemical derivative of the polypeptides describedherein is a peptidomimetic compound which mimics the biological effectsof HK-D3. A peptidomimetic agent may be an unnatural peptide or anon-peptide agent that recreates the stereospatial properties of thebinding elements of HK-D3. such that it has the binding activity orbiological activity of HK-D3. Similar to biologically active HK-D3polypeptides, a peptidomimetic will have a binding face (which interactswith any ligand to which HK-D3 binds) and a non-binding face. Again,similar to HK-D3, the non-binding face of a peptidomimetic will containfunctional groups which can be modified by various therapeutic anddiagnostic moieties without modifying the binding face of thepeptidomimetic. A preferred embodiment of a peptidomimetic would containan aniline on the non-binding face of the molecule. The NH₂-group of ananiline has a pKa ˜4.5 and could therefore be modified by any NH₂ —selective reagent without modifying any NH₂ functional groups on thebinding face of the peptidomimetic. Other peptidomimetics may not haveany NH₂ functional groups on their binding face and therefore, any NH₂,without regard for pK_(a) could be displayed on the non-binding face asa site for conjugation. In addition other modifiable functional groups,such as —SH and —COOH could be incorporated into the non-binding face ofa peptidomimetic as a site of conjugation. A therapeutic or diagnosticmoiety could also be directly incorporated during the synthesis of apeptidomimetic and preferentially be displayed on the non-binding faceof the molecule.

This invention also includes compounds that retain partial peptidecharacteristics. For example, any proteolytically unstable bond within apeptide of the invention could be selectively replaced by a non-peptidicelement such as an isostere (N-methylation; D-amino acid) or a reducedpeptide bond while the rest of the molecule retains its polypeptidenature.

Peptidomimetic compounds, either agonists, substrates or inhibitors,have been described for a number of bioactive polypeptides such asopioid peptides, VIP, thrombin, HIV protease, etc. Methods for designingand preparing peptidomimetic compounds are known in the art (Hruby, V J,Biopolymers 33:1073-1082 (1993); Wiley, R A et al., Med. Res. Rev.13:327-384 (1993); Moore et al., Adv. in Pharmacol 33:91-141 (1995);Giannis et al.,. Adv. in Drug Res. 29:1-78. (1997), which references areincorporated by reference in their entirety). These methods are used tomake peptidomimetics that possess at least the binding capacity andspecificity of the HK-D3. polypeptides and preferably also possess thebiological activity. Knowledge of peptide chemistry and general organicchemistry available to those skilled in the art are sufficient, in viewof the present disclosure, for designing and synthesizing suchcompounds.

For example, such peptidomimetics may be identified by inspection of thecystallographically-derived three-dimensional structure of a polypeptideof the invention either free or bound in complex with a ligand such as(a) heparin, plasminogen, fibrinogen, vitronectin and thrombospondin or(b) small ligands, such as heme and transition metal ions (zinc, copperand nickel). Alternatively, the structure of a polypeptide of theinvention bound to its ligand can be gained by the techniques of nuclearmagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The better knowledge of thestereochemistry of the interaction of the polypeptide with its ligand orreceptor will permit the rational design of such peptidomimetic agents.The structure of a polypeptide or protein of the invention in theabsence of ligand could also provide a scaffold for the design ofmimetic molecules.

In Vitro Testing of Compositions

A. Assay for Endothelial Cell Migration

For EC migration, transwells are coated with type I collagen (50 μg/mL)by adding 200 μL of the collagen solution per transwell, then incubatingovernight at 37° C. The transwells are assembled in a 24-well plate anda chemoattractant (e.g., FGF-2) is added to the bottom chamber in atotal volume of 0.8. mL media. ECs, such as HUVEC, which have beendetached from monolayer culture using trypsin, are diluted to a finalconcentration of about 10⁶ cells/mL with serum-free media and 0.2 mL ofthis cell suspension is added to the upper chamber of each transwell.Inhibitors to be tested are added to both the upper and lower chambers,and the migration is allowed to proceed for 5 hrs in a humidifiedatmosphere at 37° C. The transwells are removed from the plate stainedusing DiffQuik. Cells which did not migrate are removed from the upperchamber by scraping with a cotton swab and the membranes are detached,mounted on slides, and counted under a high-power field (400×) todetermine the number of cells migrated.

B. Biological Assay of Anti-Invasive Activity

The compositions of the invention are tested for their anti-invasivecapacity. The ability of cells such as ECs or tumor cells (e.g., PC-3human prostatic carcinoma) cells to invade through a reconstitutedbasement membrane (Matrigel®) in an assay known as a Matrigel® invasionassay system as described in detail by Kleinman et al., Biochemistry25:312-318,1986 and Parish et al., Int. J. Cancer 52:378-383,1992.Matrigel® is a reconstituted basement membrane containing type IVcollagen, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans such as perlecan, whichbind to and localize bFGF, vitronectin as well as transforming growthfactor-β (TGFβ), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), tissueplasminogen activator (tPA), and the serpin known as plasminogenactivator inhibitor type 1. (PAI-1) (Chambers et al., Canc. Res.55:1578-1585, 1995). It is accepted in the art that results obtained inthis assay for compounds which target extracellular receptors or enzymesare predictive of the efficacy of these compounds in vivo. (Rabbani etal., Int. J. Cancer 63: 840-845, 1995).

Such assays employ transwell tissue culture inserts. Invasive cells aredefined as cells which are able to traverse through the Matrigel® andupper aspect of a polycarbonate membrane and adhere to the bottom of themembrane. Transwells (Costar) containing polycarbonate membranes (8.0 μmpore size) are coated with Matrigel® (Collaborative Research), which hasbeen diluted in sterile PBS to a final concentration of 75 μg/mL (60 μLof diluted Matrigel® per insert), and placed in the wells of a 24-wellplate. The membranes are dried overnight in a biological safety cabinet,then rehydrated by adding 100 μL of DMEM containing antibiotics for 1.hour on a shaker table. The DMEM is removed from each insert byaspiration and 0.8 mL of DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum(FBS) and antibiotics is added to each well of the 24-well plate suchthat it surrounds the outside of the transwell (“lower chamber”). FreshDMEM/ antibiotics (100μL), human Glu-plasminogen (5 μg/mL), and anyinhibitors to be tested are added to the top, inside of the transwell(“upper chamber”). The cells which are to be tested are trypsinized andresuspended in DMEM/antibiotics, then added to the top chamber of thetranswell at a final concentration of 800,000 cells/mL. The final volumeof the upper chamber is adjusted to 200 μL. The assembled plate is thenincubated in a humid 5% CO₂ atmosphere for 72 hours. After incubation,the cells are fixed and stained using DiffQuikg (Giemsa stain) and theupper chamber is then scraped using a cotton swab to remove theMatrigel® and any cells which did not invade through the membrane. Themembranes are detached from the transwell using an X-acto® blade,mounted on slides using Permount® and cover-slips, then counted under ahigh-powered (400×) field. An average of the cells invaded is determinedfrom 5-10 fields counted and plotted as a function of inhibitorconcentration.

C. Tube-Formation Assays of Anti-Angiogenic Activity

The compounds of this invention are tested for their anti-angiogenicactivity in one of two different assay systems in vitro.

Endothelial cells, for example, HUVEC or human microvascular endothelialcells (HMVEC) which can be prepared or obtained commercially, are mixedat a concentration of 2×10⁵ cells/mL with fibrinogen (5 mg/mL inphosphate buffered saline (PBS) in a 1:1 (v/v) ratio. Thrombin is added(5 units/mL final concentration) and the mixture is immediatelytransferred to a 24-well plate (0.5 mL per well). The fibrin gel isallowed to form and then VEGF and bFGF are added to the wells (each at 5ng/mL final concentration) along with the test compound. The cells areincubated at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ for 4 days at which time the cells in eachwell are counted and classified as either rounded, elongated with nobranches, elongated with one branch, or elongated with 2 or morebranches. Results are expressed as the average of 5 different wells foreach concentration of compound. Typically, in the presence of angiogenicinhibitors, cells remain either rounded or form undifferentiated tubes(e.g. 0 or 1 branch).

This assay is recognized in the art to be predictive of angiogenic (oranti-angiogenic) efficacy in vivo (Min, H Y et al., Cancer Res. 56:2428-2433,1996).

In an alternate assay, endothelial cell tube formation is observed whenendothelial cells are cultured on Matrigel® (Schnaper et al., J. Cell.Physiol. 165:107-118. 1995). Endothelial cells (1×10⁴ cells/well) aretransferred onto Matrigel®-coated 24-well plates, and tube formation isquantitated after 48 hrs. Inhibitors are tested by adding them either atthe same time as the endothelial cells or at various time pointsthereafter. Tube formation can also be stimulated by adding (a)angiogenic growth factors such as bFGF or VEGF, (b) differentiationstimulating agents (e.g.,. PMA) or (c) a combination of these.

This assay models angiogenesis by presenting to the endothelial cells aparticular type of basement membrane, namely the layer of matrix whichmigrating and differentiating endothelial cells might be expected tofirst encounter. In addition to bound growth factors, the matrixcomponents found in Matrigel® (and in basement membranes in situ) orproteolytic products thereof may also be stimulatory for endothelialcell tube formation which makes this model complementary to the fibringel angiogenesis model previously described (Blood et al., Biochim.Biophys. Acta 1032:89-118, 1990; Odedra et al., Pharmac. Ther.49:111-124, 1991). The compounds of this invention inhibit endothelialcell tube formation in both assays, which suggests that the compoundswill also have anti-angiogenic activity.

D. Assays for the Inhibition of Proliferation

The ability of the compounds of the invention to inhibit theproliferation of EC's may be determined in a 96-well format. Type Icollagen (gelatin) is used to coat the wells of the plate (0.1-1 mg/mLin PBS, 0.1 mL per well for 30 minutes at room temperature). Afterwashing the plate (3×w/PBS), 3-6,000 cells are plated per well andallowed to attach for 4 hrs (37° C./5% CO₂) in Endothelial Growth Medium(EGM; Clonetics) or M199. media containing 0.1-2% FBS. The media and anyunattached cells are removed at the end of 4 hrs and fresh mediacontaining bFGF (1-10 ng/mL) or VEGF (1-10 ng/mL) is added to each well.Compounds to be tested are added last and the plate is allowed toincubate (37° C./5% CO₂) for 24-48 hrs. MTS[(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium](Promega) is added to each well and allowed to incubate from 1-4 hrs.The absorbance at 490 nm, which is proportional to the cell number, isthen measured to determine the differences in proliferation betweencontrol wells and those containing test compounds.

A similar assay system can be set up with cultured adherent tumor cells.However, collagen may be omitted in this format. Tumor cells (e.g.,3,000-10,000/well) are plated and allowed to attach overnight. Serumfree medium is then added to the wells,, and the cells are synchronizedfor 24 hrs. Medium containing 10% FBS is then added to each well tostimulate proliferation. Compounds to be tested are included in some ofthe wells. After 24 hrs, MTS is added to the plate and the assaydeveloped and read as described above.

E. Assays of Cytotoxicity

The anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects of the compositions may bedetermined for various cell types including tumor cells, ECs,fibroblasts and macrophages. This is especially useful when testing acompound of the invention which has been conjugated to a therapeuticmoiety such as a radiotherapeutic or a toxin. For example, a conjugateof one of the compositions with Bolton-Hunter reagent which has beeniodinated with ¹³¹I would be expected to inhibit the proliferation ofcells expressing an HK-D3. binding site/receptor (most likely byinducing apoptosis). Anti-proliferative effects would be expectedagainst tumor cells and stimulated endothelial cells but, under somecircumstances not quiescent endothelial cells or normal human dermalfibroblasts. Any anti-proliferative or cytotoxic effects observed in thenormal cells would represent non-specific toxicity of the conjugate.

A typical assay would involve plating cells at a density of 5-10×10³cells per well in a 96-well plate. The compound to be tested is added ata concentration 10× the IC₅₀ measured in a binding assay (this will varydepending on the conjugate) and allowed to incubate with the cells for30 minutes. The cells are washed 3 times X with media, then fresh mediumcontaining [³H]thymidine (0.5-1 μCi) is added to the cells, and they areallowed to incubate at 37° C. in 5% CO₂ (or other appropriateatmosphere) for 24 and 48 hours. Cells are lysed at the various timepoints using, for example, 1M NaOH and counts per well determined usinga liquid scintillation counter. Proliferation may be measurednon-radioactively using MTS reagent or CyQuant® to measure total cellnumber. For cytotoxicity assays (measuring cell lysis), a Promega96-well cytotoxicity kit is used. If there is evidence ofanti-proliferative activity, induction of apoptosis may be measuredusing TumorTACS (Genzyme).

Caspase-3 Activity

The ability of the compounds of the invention to promote apoptosis ofEC's may be determined by measuring activation of caspase-3. Type Icollagen (gelatin) is used to coat a P100 plate and 5×10⁵ ECs are seededin EGM containing 10% FBS. After 24 hours (at 37° C. in 5% CO₂) themedium is replaced by EGM containing 2% FBS, 10 ng/ml bFGF and thedesired test compound. The cells are harvested after 6 hours, celllysates prepared in 1% Triton and assayed using the EnzChek®Caspase-3.Assay Kit #1. (Molecular Probes) according to the manufactures'instructions.

In Vivo Study of the HK-D3 Polypeptides

A. Corneal Angiogenesis Model

The protocol used is essentially identical to that described by Volpertet al. (J. Clin. Invest. 98:671-679 (1996)). Briefly, female Fischerrats (120-140 gms) are anesthetized and pellets (5 μl) comprised ofHydron®, bFGF (150 nM), and the compounds to be tested are implantedinto tiny incisions made in the cornea 1.0-1.5 mm from the limbus.Neovascularization is assessed at 5 and 7 days after implantation. Onday 7, animals are anesthetized and infused with a dye such as colloidalcarbon to stain the vessels. The animals are then euthanized, thecorneas fixed with formalin, and the corneas flattened and photographedto assess the degree of neovascularization. Neovessels may bequantitated by imaging the total vessel area or length or simply bycounting vessels.

B. Matrigel® Plug Assay

This assay is performed essentially as described by Passaniti et al.(Lab Invest. 67:519-528 (1992). Ice-cold Matrigel® (e.g., 500 μL)(Collaborative Biomedical Products, Inc., Bedford, Mass.) is mixed withheparin (e.g., 50 μg/ml), FGF-2 (e.g., 400 ng/ml) and the compound to betested. In some assays, bFGF may be substituted with tumor cells as theangiogenic stimulus. The Matrigel® mixture is injected subcutaneouslyinto 4-8 week-old athymic nude mice at sites near the abdominal midline,preferably 3 injections per mouse. The injected Matrigel® forms apalpable solid gel. Injection sites are chosen such that each animalreceives a positive control plug (such as FGF-2+heparin), a negativecontrol plug (e.g., buffer+heparin) and a plug that includes thecompound being tested for its effect on angiogenesis, e.g.,(FGF-2+heparin+compound). All treatments are preferably run intriplicate. Animals are sacrificed by cervical dislocation at about 7days post injection or another time that may be optimal for observingangiogenesis. The mouse skin is detached along the abdominal midline,and the Matrigel® plugs are recovered and scanned immediately at highresolution. Plugs are then dispersed in water and incubated at 37° C.overnight. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels are determined using Drabkin'ssolution (e.g., obtained from Sigma) according to the manufacturers'instructions. The amount of Hb in the plug is an indirect measure ofangiogenesis as it reflects the amount of blood in the sample. Inaddition, or alternatively, animals may be injected prior to sacrificewith a 0.1 ml buffer (preferably PBS) containing a high molecular weightdextran to which is conjugated a fluorophore. The amount of fluorescencein the dispersed plug, determined fluorimetrically, also serves as ameasure of angiogenesis in the plug. Staining with mAb anti-CD31 (CD31is “platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule or PECAM”) may also beused to confirm neovessel formation and microvessel density in theplugs.

C. Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Angiogenesis Assay

This assay is performed essentially as described by Nguyen et al.(Microvascular Res. 47:31-40 (1994)). A mesh containing eitherangiogenic factors (bFGF) or tumor cells plus inhibitors is placed ontothe CAM of an 8-day old chick embryo and the CAM observed for 3-9 daysafter implantation of the sample. Angiogenesis is quantitated bydetermining the percentage of squares in the mesh which contain bloodvessels.

D. In Vivo Assessment Angiogenesis Inhibition and Anti-Tumor EffectsUsing the Matrigel® Plug Assay with Tumor Cells

In this assay, tumor cells, for example 1-5×10⁶ cells of the 3LL Lewislung carcinoma or the rat prostate cell line MatLyLu (“MLL”), are mixedwith Matrigel® and then injected into the flank of a mouse following theprotocol described in Sec. B., above. A mass of tumor cells and apowerful angiogenic response can be observed in the plugs after about 5to 7 days. The anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic action of a compound in anactual tumor environment can be evaluated by including it in the plug.Measurement is then made of tumor weight, Hb levels or fluorescencelevels (of a dextran-fluorophore conjugate injected prior to sacrifice).To measure Hb or fluorescence, the plugs are first homogenize with atissue homogenizer.

E. Xenograft Model of Subcutaneous (s.c.) Tumor Growth

Nude mice are inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells (human breast carcinoma)and Matrigel® (1×10⁶ cells in 0.2 mL) s.c. in the right flank of theanimals. The tumors are staged to 200 mm³ and then treatment with a testcomposition is initiated (100 μg/animal/day given q.d. IP). Tumorvolumes are obtained every other day and the animals are sacrificedafter 2 weeks of treatment. The tumors are excised, weighed and paraffinembedded. Histological sections of the tumors are analyzed by H and E,anti-CD31, Ki-67, TUNEL, and CD68 staining.

F. Xenograft Model of Metastasis

The compounds of this invention are also tested for inhibition of latemetastasis using an experimental metastasis model (Crowley, C W et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90 5021-5025 (1993)). Late metastasisinvolves the steps of attachment and extravasation of tumor cells, localinvasion, seeding, proliferation and angiogenesis. Human prostaticcarcinoma cells (PC-3) transfected with a reporter gene, preferably thegreen fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, but as an alternative with a geneencoding the enzymes chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT),luciferase or LacZ, are inoculated into nude mice. This approach permitsutilization of either of these markers (fluorescence detection of GFP orhistochemical colorimetric detection of enzymatic activity) to followthe fate of these cells. Cells are injected, preferably iv, andmetastases identified after about 14 days, particularly in the lungs butalso in regional lymph nodes, femurs and brain. This mimics the organtropism of naturally occurring metastases in human prostate cancer. Forexample, GFP-expressing PC-3. cells (1×10⁶ cells per mouse) are injectediv into the tail veins of nude (nu/nu) mice. Animals are treated with atest composition at 100 μg/animal/day given q.d. IP. Single metastaticcells and foci are visualized and quantitated by fluorescence microscopyor light microscopic histochemistry or by grinding the tissue andquantitative colorimetric assay of the detectable label.

G. Inhibition of Spontaneous Metastasis In Vivo by HK-D3 and FunctionalDerivatives

The rat syngeneic breast cancer system (Xing et al., Int. J. Cancer67:423-429 (1996) employs Mat BIII rat breast cancer cells. Tumor cells,for example about 10⁶ suspended in 0.1. mL PBS, are inoculated into themammary fat pads of female Fisher rats. At the time of inoculation, a14-day Alza osmotic mini-pump is implanted intraperitoneally to dispensethe test compound. The compound is dissolved in PBS (e.g., 200 mMstock), sterile filtered and placed in the minipump to achieve a releaserate of about 4 mg/kg/day. Control animals receive vehicle (PBS) aloneor a vehicle control polypeptide in the minipump. Animals are sacrificedat about day 14.

Therapeutic Outcomes

In the rats treated with the active peptide/polypeptide compounds of thepresent invention, significant reductions in the size of the primarytumor and in the number of metastases in the spleen, lungs, liver,kidney and lymph nodes (enumerated as discrete foci) are observed.Histological and immunohistochemical analysis reveal increased necrosisand signs of apoptosis in tumors in treated animals. Large necroticareas are seen in tumor regions lacking neovascularization as a resultof this treatment. HK-D3. or its derivative, to which ¹³¹I is conjugated(either 1 or 2 I atoms per molecule of polypeptide) are effectiveradiotherapeutics and are found to be at least two-fold more potent thanthe unconjugated polypeptides. In contrast, treatment with controlpolypeptides fails to cause a significant change in tumor size ormetastasis.

H. 3LL Lewis Lung Carcinoma: Primary Tumor Growth

This tumor line arose spontaneously in 1951 as carcinoma of the lung ina C57BL/6 mouse (Cancer Res. 15:39, 1955. See, also. Malave, I. et al.,J. Nat'l. Canc. Inst. 62:83-88 (1979)). It is propogated by passage inC57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous (sc) inoculation and is tested insemiallogeneic C57BL/6×DBA/2 F₁ mice or in allogeneic C3H mice.Typically six animals per group for subcutaneously (sc) implant, or tenfor intramuscular (im) implant are used. Tumor may be implanted sc as a2-4 mm fragment, or im or sc as an inoculum of suspended cells of about0.5-2×10⁶ cells. Treatment begins about 24 hours after implant or isdelayed until a tumor of specified size (usually approximately 400 mg)can be palpated. The test compound is administered ip daily for 11 days

Animals are followed by weighing, palpation, and measurement of tumorsize. Typical tumor weight in untreated control recipients on day 12after im inoculation is 500-2500 mg. Typical median survival time is18-28 days. A positive control compound, for example cyclophosphamide at20 mg/kg/injection per day on days 1-11 is used. Results computedinclude mean animal weight, tumor size, tumor weight, survival time. Forconfirmed therapeutic activity, the test composition should be tested intwo multi-dose assays.

I. 3LL Lewis Lung Carcinoma: Primary Growth and Metastasis Model

This model has been utilized by a number of investigators. See, forexample, Gorelik, E. et al., J. Nat'l. Canc. Inst. 65:1257-1264(1980);Gorelik, E. et al., Rec. Results Canc. Res. 75:20-28 (1980); Isakov, N.et al., Invasion Metas. 2:12-32 (1982); Talmadge J E et al., J. Nat'l.Canc. Inst. 69:975-980 (1982); Hilgard, P. et al., Br. J. Cancer35:78-86(1977)). Test mice are male C57BL/6 mice, 2-3 months old.Following sc, im, or intra-footpad implantation, this tumor producesmetastases, preferentially in the lungs. With some lines of the tumor,the primary tumor exerts anti-metastatic effects and must first beexcised before study of the metastatic phase (see also U.S. Pat. No.5,639,725).

Single-cell suspensions are prepared from solid tumors by treatingminced tumor tissue with a solution of 0.3% trypsin. Cells are washed 3times with PBS (pH 7.4) and suspended in PBS. Viability of the 3LL cellsprepared in this way is generally about 95-99% (by trypan blue dyeexclusion). Viable tumor cells (e.g., 3×10⁴-5×10⁶) suspended in 0.05 mlPBS are injected subcutaneously, either in the dorsal region or into onehind foot pad of C57BL/6 mice. Visible tumors appear after 3-4 daysafter dorsal sc injection of 106 cells. The day of tumor appearance andthe diameters of established tumors are measured by caliper every twodays.

The treatment is given as one or two doses of polypeptide or derivative,per week. In another embodiment, the polypeptide is delivered by osmoticminipump.

In experiments involving tumor excision of dorsal tumors, when tumorsreach about 1500 mm3 in size, mice are randomized into two groups: (1)primary tumor is completely excised; or (2) sham surgery is performedand the tumor is left intact. Although tumors from 500-3000 mm³ inhibitgrowth of metastases, 1500 mm³ is the largest size primary tumor thatcan be safely resected with high survival and without local regrowth.After 21 days, all mice are sacrificed and autopsied.

Lungs are removed and weighed. Lungs are fixed in Bouin's solution andthe number of visible metastases is recorded. The diameters of themetastases are also measured using a binocular stereoscope equipped witha micrometer-containing ocular under 8× magnification. On the basis ofthe recorded diameters, it is possible to calculate the volume of eachmetastasis. To determine the total volume of metastases per lung, themean number of visible metastases is multiplied by the mean volume ofmetastases. To further determine metastatic growth, it is possible tomeasure incorporation of ¹²⁵IdUrd into lung cells (Thakur, M L et al, J.Lab. Clin. Med. 89:217-228 (1977)). Ten days following tumor amputation,25 μg of fluorodeoxyuridine is inoculated into the peritoneums oftumor-bearing (and, if used, tumor-resected mice). After 30 min, miceare given 1 μCi of ¹²⁵IdUrd (iododeoxyuridine). One day later, lungs andspleens are removed and weighed, and a degree of ¹²⁵IdUrd incorporationis measured using a gamma counter.

In mice with footpad tumors, when tumors reach about 8-10 mm indiameter, mice are randomized into two groups:. (1) legs with tumors areamputated after ligation above the knee joints; or (2) mice are leftintact as nonamputated tumor-bearing controls. (Amputation of atumor-free leg in a tumor-bearing mouse has no known effect onsubsequent metastasis, ruling out possible effects of anesthesia, stressor surgery). Mice are killed 10-14 days after amputation. Metastases areevaluated as described above.

Statistics: Values representing the incidence of metastases and theirgrowth in the lungs of tumor-bearing mice are generally not normallydistributed. Therefore, non-parametric statistics such as theMann-Whitney U-Test may be used for analysis.

Study of this model by Gorelik et al. (1980, supra) showed that the sizeof the tumor cell inoculum determined the extent of metastatic growth.The rate of metastasis in the lungs of operated mice was different fromprimary tumor-bearing mice. Thus in the lungs of mice in which theprimary tumor had been induced by inoculation of larger doses of 3LLcells (1-5×10⁶) followed by surgical removal, the number of metastaseswas lower than that in nonoperated tumor-bearing mice, though the volumeof metastases was higher than in the nonoperated controls. Using¹²⁵IdUrd incorporation as a measure of lung metastasis, no significantdifferences were found between the lungs of tumor-excised mice andtumor-bearing mice originally inoculated with 10⁶ 3LL cells. Amputationof tumors produced following inoculation of 10⁵ tumor cells dramaticallyaccelerated metastatic growth. These results were in accord with thesurvival of mice after excision of local tumors. The phenomenon ofacceleration of metastatic growth following excision of local tumors hadbeen repeatedly observed (for example, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,639,725).These observations have implications for the prognosis of patients whoundergo cancer surgery.

For a compound to be useful in accordance with this invention, it shoulddemonstrate activity in at least one of the above (in vitro or in vivo)assay systems.

Pharmaceutical and Therapeutic Compositions and Their Administration

The compounds that may be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions ofthe invention include all of the polypeptide compounds described above,as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of these compounds.Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of theinvention containing a basic group are formed where appropriate withstrong or moderately strong, non-toxic, organic or inorganic acids bymethods known to the art. Exemplary of the acid addition salts that areincluded in this invention are maleate, fumarate, lactate, oxalate,methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, tartrate, citrate,hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and nitrate salts.

Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds of theinvention containing an acidic group are prepared by known methods fromorganic and inorganic bases and include, for example, nontoxic alkalimetal and alkaline earth bases, such as calcium, sodium, potassium andammonium hydroxide; and nontoxic organic bases such as triethylamine,butylamine, piperazine, and tri(hydroxymethyl)methylamine.

As stated above, the compounds of the invention possess the ability toinhibit endothelial cell proliferation, motility, or invasiveness andangiogenesis, properties that are exploited in the treatment of cancer,in particular metastatic cancer. A composition of this invention may beactive per se, or may act as a “pro-drug” that is converted in vivo tothe active form.

Therapeutically Labeled Compositions

In a preferred embodiment, the polypeptide described herein are“therapeutically conjugated” or “therapeutically labeled” (terms whichare intended to be interchangeable) and used to deliver a therapeuticagent to the site to which the compounds home and bind, such as sites oftumor metastasis or foci of infection/inflammation, restenosis orfibrosis. The term “therapeutically conjugated” means that the modifiedpolypeptide is conjugated to another therapeutic agent that is directedeither to the underlying cause or to a “component” of tumor invasion,angiogenesis, inflammation or other pathology. A therapeutically labeledpolypeptide carries a suitable therapeutic “label” also referred toherein as a “therapeutic moiety.” A therapeutic moiety is an atom, amolecule, a compound or any chemical component added to the polypeptidethat renders it active in treating a target disease or condition,primarily one a associated with undesired angiogenesis. As noted above,the polypeptides of the present invention are prepared by conventionalbiochemical or recombinant means. The therapeutic moiety may be bounddirectly or indirectly to the polypeptide. The therapeutically labeledpolypeptide is administered as pharmaceutical composition whichcomprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, and ispreferably in a form suitable for injection.

Examples of useful therapeutic radioisotopes (ordered by atomic number)include ⁴⁷SC, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At,²¹²Pb and ²¹⁷Bi. These atoms can be conjugated to the polypeptidedirectly, indirectly as part of a chelate, or, in the case of iodine,indirectly as part of an iodinated Bolton-Hunter group. The radioiodinecan be introduced either before or after this group is coupled to thepolypeptide compound.

Preferred doses of the radionuclide conjugates are a function of thespecific. radioactivity to be delivered to the target site which varieswith tumor type, tumor location and vascularization, kinetics andbiodistribution of the polypeptide carrier, energy of radioactiveemission by the nuclide, etc. Those skilled in the art of radiotherapycan readily adjust the dose of the polypeptide in conjunction with thedose of the particular nuclide to effect the desired therapeutic benefitwithout undue experimentation.

Another therapeutic approach included here is the use of boron neutroncapture therapy, where a boronated polypeptide is delivered to a desiredtarget site, such as a tumor, most preferably an intracranial tumor.(Barth, R F, Cancer Invest. 14:534-550 (1996); Mishima, Y. (ed.), CancerNeutron Capture Therapy, New York: Plenum Publishing Corp., 1996;.Soloway, A H et al., (eds),. J Neuro-Oncol. 33:1-188 (1997). The stableisotope ¹⁰B is irradiated with low energy (<0.025 eV) thermal neutrons,and the resulting nuclear capture yields a-particles and ⁷Li nucleiwhich have high linear energy transfer and respective path lengths ofabout 9 and 5 μm. This method is predicated on 10B accumulation in thetumor with lower levels in blood, endothelial cells and normal tissue(e.g., brain). Such delivery has been accomplished using epidermalgrowth factor (Yang. W. et al., Cancer Res 57:4333-4339 (1997).

Other therapeutic agents which can be coupled to the polypeptidecompounds according to the method of the invention are drugs, prodrugs,enzymes for activating pro-drugs, photosensitizing agents, nucleic acidtherapeutics, antisense vectors, viral vectors, lectins and othertoxins.

Lectins are proteins, commonly derived from plants, that bind tocarbohydrates. Among other activities, some lectins are toxic. Some ofthe most cytotoxic substances known are protein toxins of bacterial andplant origin (Frankel, A E et al,. Ann. Rev. Med. 37:125-142 (1986)).These molecules binding the cell surface and inhibit cellular proteinsynthesis. The most commonly used plant toxins are ricin and abrin; themost commonly used bacterial toxins are diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonasexotoxin A. In ricin and abrin, the binding and toxic functions arecontained in two separate protein subunits, the A and B chains. Thericin B chain binds to the cell surface carbohydrates and promotes theuptake of the A chain into the cell. Once inside the cell, the ricin Achain inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating the 60S subunit of theeukaryotic ribosome Endo, Y. et al, J. Biol. Chem. 262: 5908-5912(1987)). Other plant derived toxins, which are single chain ribosomalinhibitory proteins, include pokeweed antiviral protein, wheat germprotein, gelonin, dianthins, momorcharins, trichosanthin, and manyothers (Strip, F. et al, FEBS Lett. 195:1-8 (1986)). Diphtheria toxinand Pseudomonas exotoxin A are also single chain proteins, and theirbinding and toxicity functions reside in separate domains of the sameprotein Pseudomonas exotoxin A has the same catalytic activity asdiphtheria toxin. Ricin has been used therapeutically by binding itstoxic α-chain, to targeting molecules such as antibodies to enablesite-specific delivery of the toxic effect. Bacterial toxins have alsobeen used as anti-tumor conjugates. As intended herein, a toxic peptidechain or domain is conjugated to a compound of this invention anddelivered in a site-specific manner to a target site where the toxicactivity is desired, such as a metastatic focus. Conjugation of toxinsto protein such as antibodies or other ligands are known in the art(Olsnes, S. et al, Immunol. Today 10:291-295 (1989); Vitetta, E S. etal,. Ann. Rev. Immunol. 3:197-212 (1985)).

Cytotoxic drugs that interfere with critical cellular processesincluding DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, have been conjugated toantibodies and subsequently used for in vivo therapy. Such drugs,including, but not limited to, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, methotrexate,and Mitomycin C. are also coupled to the compounds of this invention andused therapeutically in this form.

The compounds of the invention, as well as the pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts thereof, may be incorporated into convenient dosageforms, such as capsules, impregnated wafers, tablets or injectablepreparations. Solid or liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carriers maybe employed.

Solid carriers include starch, lactose, calcium sulfate dihydrate, terraalba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearateand stearic acid. Liquid carriers include syrup, peanut oil, olive oil,saline, water, dextrose, glycerol and the like. Similarly, the carrieror diluent may include any prolonged release material, such as glycerylmonostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with a wax. When a liquidcarrier is used, the preparation may be in the form of a syrup, elixir,emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, sterile injectable liquid (e.g., asolution), such as an ampoule, or an aqueous or nonaqueous liquidsuspension. A summary of such pharmaceutical compositions may be found,for example, in Remington 's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack PublishingCompany, Easton Pa. (Gennaro 18th ed. 1990).

The pharmaceutical preparations are made following conventionaltechniques of pharmaceutical chemistry involving such steps as mixing,granulating and compressing, when necessary for tablet forms, or mixing,filling and dissolving the ingredients, as appropriate, to give thedesired products for oral, parenteral, topical, transdermal,intravaginal, intrapenile, intranasal, intrabronchial, intracranial,intraocular, intraaural and rectal administration. The pharmaceuticalcompositions may also contain minor amounts of nontoxic auxiliarysubstances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agentsand so forth.

The present invention may be used in the diagnosis or treatment of anyof a number of animal genera and species, and are equally applicable inthe practice of human or veterinary medicine. Thus, the pharmaceuticalcompositions can be used to treat domestic and commercial animals,including birds and more preferably mammals, as well as humans.

The term “systemic administration” refers to administration of acomposition or agent such as the polypeptide or nucleic acids describedherein, in a manner that results in the introduction of the compositioninto the subject's circulatory system or otherwise permits its spreadthroughout the body, such as intravenous (i.v.) injection or infusion.“Regional” administration refers to administration into a specific, andsomewhat more limited, anatomical space, such as intraperitoneal,intrathecal, subdural, or to a specific organ. Examples includeintravaginal, intrapenile, intranasal, intrabronchial(or lunginstillation), intracranial, intra-aural or intraocular. The term “localadministration” refers to administration of a composition or drug into alimited, or circumscribed, anatomic space, such as intratumoralinjection into a tumor mass, subcutaneous (s.c.) injections,intramuscular (i.m.) injections. One of skill in the art wouldunderstand that local administration or regional administration oftenalso result in entry of a composition into the circulatory system, i.e.,so that s.c. or i.m. are also routes for systemic administration.Injectables or infusible preparations can be prepared in conventionalforms, either as solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable forsolution or suspension in liquid prior to injection or infusion, or asemulsions. Though the preferred routes of administration are systemic,such as i.v., the pharmaceutical composition may be administeredtopically or transdermally, e.g. as an ointment, cream or gel; orally;rectally; e.g., as a suppository.

For topical application, the compound may be incorporated into topicallyapplied vehicles such as a salve or ointment. The carrier for the activeingredient may be either in sprayable or nonsprayable form.Non-sprayable forms can be semi-solid or solid forms comprising acarrier indigenous to topical application and having a dynamic viscositypreferably greater than that of water. Suitable formulations include,but are not limited to, solution, suspensions, emulsions, creams,ointments, powders, liniments, salves, and the like. If desired, thesemay be sterilized or mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., preservatives,stabilizers, wetting agents, buffers, or salts for influencing osmoticpressure and the like. Preferred vehicles for non-sprayable topicalpreparations include ointment bases, e.g., polyethylene glycol-1000(PEG-1000); conventional creams such as HEB cream; gels; as well aspetroleum jelly and the like.

Also suitable for topic application as well as for lung instillation aresprayable aerosol preparations wherein the compound, preferably incombination with a solid or liquid inert carrier material, is packagedin a squeeze bottle or in admixture with a pressurized volatile,normally gaseous propellant. The aerosol preparations can containsolvents, buffers, surfactants, perfumes, and/or antioxidants inaddition to the compounds of the invention.

For the preferred topical applications, especially for humans, it ispreferred to administer an effective amount of the compound to anaffected area, e.g., skin surface, mucous membrane, eyes, etc. Thisamount will generally range from about 0.001 mg to about 1 g perapplication, depending upon the area to be treated, the severity of thesymptoms, and the nature of the topical vehicle employed.

Other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for polypeptide or nucleicacid compositions of the present invention are liposomes, pharmaceuticalcompositions in which the active protein is contained either dispersedor variously present in corpuscles consisting of aqueous concentriclayers adherent to lipidic layers. The active polypeptide, or thenucleic acid is preferably present in the aqueous layer and in thelipidic layer, inside or outside, or, in any event, in thenon-homogeneous system generally known as a liposomic suspension. Thehydrophobic layer, or lipidic layer, generally, but not exclusively,comprises phospholipids such as lecithin and sphingomyelin, steroidssuch as cholesterol, more or less ionic surface active substances suchas dicetylphosphate, stearylamine or phosphatidic acid, and/or othermaterials of a hydrophobic nature. Those skilled in the art willappreciate other suitable embodiments of the present liposomalformulations.

Therapeutic compositions for treating tumors and cancer may comprise, inaddition to the polypeptide, one or more additional anti-tumor agents,such as mitotic inhibitors, e.g., vinblastine; alkylating agents, e.g.,cyclophosphamide; folate inhibitors, e.g.,. methotrexate, piritrexim ortrimetrexate; antimetabolites, e.g., 5-fluorouracil and cytosinearabinoside; intercalating antibiotics, e.g., adriamycin and bleomycin;enzymes or enzyme inhibitors, e.g., asparaginase, topoisomeraseinhibitors such as etoposide; or biological response modifiers, e.g.,interferons or interleukins. In fact, pharmaceutical compositionscomprising any known cancer therapeutic in combination with thepolypeptides disclosed herein are within the scope of this invention.The pharmaceutical composition may also comprise one or more othermedicaments to treat additional symptoms for which the target patientsare at risk, for example, anti-infectives including antibacterial,anti-fungal, anti-parasitic, anti-viral, and anti-coccidial agents.

The therapeutic dosage administered is an amount which istherapeutically effective, as is known to or readily ascertainable bythose skilled in the art. The dose is also dependent upon the age,health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment(s), ifany, the frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired,such as, for example, anti-inflammatory effects or anti-bacterialeffect.

Therapeutic Methods

The methods of this invention may be used to inhibit tumor growth andinvasion in a subject or to suppress angiogenesis induced by tumors byinhibiting endothelial cell growth and migration. By inhibiting thegrowth or invasion of a tumor or angiogenesis, the methods result ininhibition of tumor metastasis. A vertebrate subject, preferably amammal, more preferably a human, is administered an amount of thecompound effective to inhibit tumor growth, invasion or angiogenesis.The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is preferablyadministered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition as describedabove.

Doses of polypeptides preferably include pharmaceutical dosage unitscomprising an effective amount of the polypeptide. Dosage unit formrefers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for amammalian subject; each unit contains a predetermined quantity of activematerial (e.g., the HK-D3 polypeptide, or nucleic acid encoding thepolypeptide) calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, inassociation with the required pharmaceutical carrier. The specificationfor the dosage unit forms of the invention are dictated by and directlydependent on (a) the unique characteristics of the active material andthe particular therapeutic effect to be achieved, and (b) thelimitations inherent in the art of compounding such an active compoundfor the treatment of, and sensitivity of, individual subjects.

By an effective amount is meant an amount sufficient to achieve a steadystate concentration in vivo which results in a measurable reduction inany relevant parameter of disease and may include growth of primary ormetastatic tumor, any accepted index of antiangiogenic oranti-proliferative, or apoptosis-inducing reactivity, or a measurableprolongation of disease-free interval or of survival. For example, areduction in tumor growth in 20% of patients is considered efficacious(Frei III, E., The Cancer Journal 3:127-136 (1997)). However, an effectof this magnitude is not considered to be a minimal requirement for thedose to be effective in accordance with this invention.

In one embodiment, an effective dose is preferably 10-fold and morepreferably 100-fold higher than the 50% effective dose (ED₅₀) of thecompound in an in vivo assay as described herein.

The amount of active compound to be administered depends on the precisepolypeptide or derivative selected, the disease or condition, the routeof administration, the health and weight of the recipient, the existenceof other concurrent treatment, if any, the frequency of treatment, thenature of the effect desired, for example, inhibition of tumormetastasis, and the judgment of the skilled practitioner.

A preferred dose for treating a subject, preferably mammalian, morepreferably human, with a tumor is an amount of up to about 100 mg ofactive polypeptide-based compound per kilogram of body weight. A typicalsingle dosage of the polypeptide or peptidomimetic is between about 1 ngand about 100 mg/kg body weight. For topical administration, dosages inthe range of about 0.01-20% concentration (by weight) of the compound,preferably 1-5%, are suggested. A total daily dosage in the range ofabout 0.1 milligrams to about 7 grams is preferred for intravenousadministration. The foregoing ranges are, however, suggestive, as thenumber of variables in an individual treatment regime is large, andconsiderable excursions from these preferred values are expected.

An effective amount or dose of the polypeptide for inhibitingendothelial cell proliferation or migration in vitro is in the range ofabout 1 picogram to about 5 nanograms per cell. Effective doses andoptimal dose ranges may be determined in vitro using the methodsdescribed herein.

The compounds of the invention may be characterized as producing aninhibitory effect on tumor cell or endothelial cell proliferation,migration, invasion, or on angiogenesis, on tumor metastasis or oninflammatory reactions. The compounds are especially useful in producingan anti-tumor effect in a mammalian host, preferably human, harboring atumor.

Angiogenesis inhibitors may play a role in preventing or amelioratinginflammatory angiogenesis and gliosis following traumatic spinal cordinjury, thereby promoting the reestablishment of neuronal connectivity(Wamil, A W et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13188-13193. (1998)).Therefore, the compositions of the present invention are administered assoon as possible after traumatic spinal cord injury and for several daysup to about two weeks thereafter to inhibit the angiogenesis and gliosisthat would sterically prevent reestablishment of neuronal connectivity.The treatment reduces the area of damage at the site of spinal cordinjury and facilitates regeneration of neuronal function and therebyprevents paralysis. The compounds of the invention are expected also toprotect axons from Wallerian degeneration, reverseaminobutyrate-mediated depolarization (occurring in traumatizedneurons), and improve recovery of neuronal conductivity of isolatedcentral nervous system cells and tissue in culture.

General Recombinant DNA Methods

Basic texts disclosing general methods of molecular biology, all ofwhich are incorporated by reference, include:. Sambrook, J et al.,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd (or later) Edition, ColdSpring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989; Ausubel, F M et al.Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Vol. 2, Wiley-Interscience,N.Y., (current edition); Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression:. ALaboratory Manual (1990); Glover, D M, editor, DNA Cloning: A PracticalApproach, vol. I & II,. IRL Press, 1985; Albers, B. et al., MolecularBiology of the Cell, 2nd (or later) Ed., Garland Publishing, Inc., NewYork, N.Y. (1989); Watson, J D et al., Recombinant DNA, 2nd (or later)Ed., Scientific American Books, New York, 1992; and Old, R W et al.,Principles of Gene Manipulation:. An Introduction to GeneticEngineering, 2nd (or later) Ed., University of California Press,Berkeley, Calif. (1981).

Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence isintended to encompasses conservative substitution variants thereof(e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) and a complementary sequence. Theterm “nucleic acid” is synonymous with “polynucleotide” and is intendedto include a gene, a cDNA molecule, an MRNA molecule, as well as afragment of any of these such as an oligonucleotide, and further,equivalents thereof (explained more fully below). Sizes of nucleic acidsare stated either as kilobases (kb) or base pairs (bp). These areestimates derived from agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE), from nucleic acid sequences which are determined by the user orpublished. Protein size is stated as molecular mass in kilodaltons (kDa)or as length (number of amino acid residues). Protein size is estimatedfrom PAGE, from sequencing, from presumptive amino acid sequences basedon the coding nucleic acid sequence or from published amino acidsequences.

Specifically, cDNA molecules encoding the amino acid sequencecorresponding to the HK-D3 polypeptide of the present invention, oractive variants thereof, can be synthesized by the polymerase chainreaction (PCR) (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,202) using primersderived the sequence of the protein disclosed herein. These cDNAsequences can then be assembled into a eukaryotic or prokaryoticexpression vector and the resulting vector can be used to direct thesynthesis of the fusion polypeptide or its fragment or derivative byappropriate host cells, for example COS or CHO cells.

This invention includes isolated nucleic acids having a nucleotidesequence encoding the HK-D3 variant polypeptide used in transfectingcells in vitro or in vivo to express their polypeptide product. The termnucleic acid as used herein is intended to include such fragments orequivalents. The nucleic acid sequences of this invention can be DNA orRNA.

A cDNA nucleotide sequence encoding an HK-D3 polypeptide variant orderivative can be obtained by isolating total mRNA from an appropriatecell line. Double stranded cDNA is prepared from total mRNA. cDNA can beinserted into a suitable plasmid, bacteriophage or viral vector usingany one of a number of known techniques.

In reference to a nucleotide sequence, the term “equivalent” is intendedto include sequences encoding structurally homologous and/or afunctionally equivalent proteins such as naturally occurring isoforms orrelated, immunologically cross-reactive family members of theseproteins. Such isoforms or family members are defined as proteins thatshare function and amino acid sequence similarity to, for example, SEQID. NO:1, 2 or 3.

The techniques for assembling and expressing DNA coding sequencesinclude synthesis of oligonucleotides, PCR, transforming cells,constructing vectors, expression systems, and the like; these arewell-established in the art such that those of ordinary skill arefamiliar with standard resource materials, specific conditions andprocedures.

Expression Vectors and Host Cells

This invention includes an expression vector comprising a nucleic acidsequence encoding a HK-D3 polypeptide operably linked to at least oneregulatory sequence.

The term “expression vector” or “expression cassette” as used hereinrefers to a nucleotide sequence which is capable of affecting expressionof a protein coding sequence in a host compatible with such sequences.Expression cassettes include at least a promoter operably linked withthe polypeptide coding sequence; and, optionally, with other sequences,e.g., transcription termination signals. Additional factors necessary orhelpful in effecting expression may also be included, e.g., enhancers.

“Operably linked” means that the coding sequence is linked to aregulatory sequence in a manner that allows expression of the codingsequence. Known regulatory sequences are selected to direct expressionof the desired protein in an appropriate host cell. Accordingly, theterm “regulatory sequence” includes promoters, enhancers and otherexpression control elements. Such regulatory sequences are described in,for example, Goeddel, Gene Expression Technology. Methods inEnzymology,. vol. 185, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990)).

Thus, expression cassettes include plasmids, recombinant viruses, anyform of a recombinant “naked DNA” vector, and the like. A “vector”comprises a nucleic acid which can infect, transfect, transiently orpermanently transduce a cell. It will be recognized that a vector can bea naked nucleic acid, or a nucleic acid complexed with protein or lipid.The vector optionally comprises viral or bacterial nucleic acids and/orproteins, and/or membranes (e.g., a cell membrane, a viral lipidenvelope, etc.). Vectors include, but are not limited to replicons(e.g., RNA replicons, bacteriophages) to which fragments of DNA may beattached and become replicated. Vectors thus include, but are notlimited to RNA, autonomous self-replicating circular or linear DNA orRNA, e.g., plasmids, viruses, and the like (U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,879),and includes both the expression and nonexpression plasmids. Where arecombinant microorganism or cell culture is a host for an “expressionvector,” this includes both extrachromosomal circular and linear DNA andDNA that has been incorporated into the host chromosome(s). Where avector is being maintained by a host cell, the vector may either bestably replicated by the cells during mitosis as an autonomousstructure, or is incorporated within the host's genome.

Those skilled in the art appreciate that the particular design of anexpression vector of this invention depends on considerations such asthe host cell to be transfected and the nature (e.g., size) of thepolypeptide to be expressed.

The present expression vectors comprise the full range of nucleic acidmolecules encoding the various embodiments of the HK-D3 polypeptide.

Such expression vectors are used to transfect host cells (in vitro, exvivo or in vivo) for expression of the DNA and production of the encodedproteins which include fusion polypeptides. It will be understood that agenetically modified cell expressing the HK-D3 polypeptide maytransiently express the exogenous DNA for a time sufficient for the cellto be useful for its stated purpose.

Host cells may also be transfected with one or more expression vectorsthat singly or in combination comprise DNA encoding the HK-D3polypeptide and DNA encoding at least a portion of a secondHK-D3-derived sequence (or variant), so that the host cells produce yetfurther HK-D3 polypeptides that include both the portions.

Methods for producing the HK-D3 polypeptide, are all conventional in theart. Cultures typically includes host cells, appropriate growth mediaand other byproducts. Suitable culture media are well known in the art.The HK-D3 polypeptide can be isolated from medium or cell lysates usingconventional techniques for purifying proteins and peptides, includingammonium sulfate precipitation, fractionation column chromatography(e.g. ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity chromatography, etc.)and/or electrophoresis (see generally, Meth Enzymol, 22:233-577 (1971)).Once purified, partially or to homogeneity, the recombinant polypeptidesof the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions asdescribed in more detail herein.

The term “isolated” as used herein, when referring to a molecule orcomposition, means that the molecule or composition is separated from atleast one other compound (protein, other nucleic acid, etc.) or fromother contaminants with which it is natively associated or becomesassociated during processing. An isolated composition can also besubstantially pure. An isolated composition can be in a homogeneousstate and can be dry or in aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity canbe determined, for example, using analytical chemical techniques such aspolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) or high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). It is understood that even where a protein hasbeen isolated so as to appear as a homogenous or dominant band in a gelpattern, there are generally trace contaminants which co-purify with it.

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic host cells transformed or transfected toexpress the HK-D3 polypeptide are within the scope of the invention. Forexample, the HK-D3 polypeptide may be expressed in bacterial cells suchas E. coli, insect cells (baculovirus), yeast, or mammalian cells suchas Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) or human cells (which are preferredfor human therapeutic use of the transfected cells). Other suitable hostcells may be found in Goeddel, (1990) supra or are otherwise known tothose skilled in the art.

Expression in eukaryotic cells leads to partial or completeglycosylation and/or formation of relevant inter- or intra-chaindisulfide bonds of the recombinant polypeptide.

Examples of vectors for expression in yeast S. cerevisiae includepYepSec1 (Baldari et al., (1987) EMBO J. 6:229-234), pMFa (Kujan et al.(1982) Cell 30:933-943), pJRY88 (Schultz et al., (1987) Gene54:113-123), and pYES2 (Invitrogen Corporation, San Diego, Calif.).Baculovirus vectors available for expression of proteins in culturedinsect cells (SF9 cells) include the pAc series (Smith et al., (1983)Mol. Cell Biol. 3:2156-2165,) and the pVL series (Lucklow, V. A., andSummers, M. D., (1989) Virology 170:31-39). Generally, COS cells(Gluzman, Y., (1981) Cell 23:175-182) are used in conjunction with suchvectors as pCDM 8 (Aruffo A. and Seed, B., supra, for transientamplification/expression in mammalian cells, while CHO (dhfr-negativeCHO) cells are used with vectors such as pMT2PC. (Kaufman et al. (1987),EMBO J. 6:187-195) for stable amplification/expression in mammaliancells. The NSO myeloma cell line (a glutamine synthetase expressionsystem) is available from Celltech Ltd.

Often, in fusion expression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site isintroduced at the junction of the reporter group and the target proteinto enable separation of the target protein from the reporter groupsubsequent to purification of the fusion protein. Proteolytic enzymesfor such cleavage and their recognition sequences include Factor Xa,thrombin and enterokinase.

Typical fusion expression vectors include pGEX (Amrad Corp., Melbourne,Australia), pMAL (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.) and pRIT5.(Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.) which fuse glutathione S-transferase,maltose E binding protein, or protein A, respectively, to the targetrecombinant polypeptide.

Inducible non-fusion expression vectors include pTrc (Amann et al.,(1988) Gene 69:301-315) and pET 11d (Studier et al., Gene ExpressionTechnology: Methods in Enzymology 185, Academic. Press, San Diego,Calif. (1990) 60-89). While target gene expression relies on host RNApolymerase transcription from the hybrid trp-lac fusion promoter inpTrc, expression of target genes inserted into pET 11d relies ontranscription from the T7 gn10-lacO fusion promoter mediated bycoexpressed viral RNA polymerase (T7gn1). Th is viral polymerase issupplied by host strains BL21(DE3) or HMS174(DE3) from a resident λprophage harboring a T7gn1 under the transcriptional control of thelacUV 5 promoter.

Vector Construction

Construction of suitable vectors containing the desired coding andcontrol sequences employs standard ligation and restriction techniqueswhich are well understood in the art. Isolated plasmids, DNA sequences,or synthesized oligonucleotides are cleaved, tailored, and re-ligated inthe form desired. The DNA sequences which form the vectors are availablefrom a number of sources. Backbone vectors and control systems aregenerally found on available “host” vectors which are used for the bulkof the sequences in construction. For the pertinent coding sequence,initial construction may be, and usually is, a matter of retrieving theappropriate sequences from cDNA or genomic DNA libraries. However, oncethe sequence is disclosed it is possible to synthesize the entire genesequence in vitro starting from the individual nucleotide derivatives.The entire gene sequence for genes of sizeable length, e.g., 500-1000 bpmay be prepared by synthesizing individual overlapping complementaryoligonucleotides and filling in single stranded nonoverlapping portionsusing DNA polymerase in the presence of the deoxyribonucleotidetriphosphates. This approach has been used successfully in theconstruction of several genes of known sequence. See, for example, Edge,M. D., Nature (1981) 292:756; Nambair, K. P., et al., Science (1984)223:1299; and Jay, E., J Biol Chem (1984) 259:6311.

Synthetic oligonucleotides are prepared by either the phosphotriestermethod as described by references cited above or the phosphoramiditemethod as described by Beaucage, S L et al., Tetrahed Lett (1981)22:1859; and Matteucci, M D. et al., J Am Chem Soc (1981) 103:3185 andcan be prepared using commercially available automated oligonucleotidesynthesizers. Kinase treatment of single strands prior to annealing orfor labeling is achieved using well-known methods.

Once the components of the desired vectors are thus available, they canbe excised and ligated using standard restriction and ligationprocedures. Site-specific DNA cleavage is performed by treating with thesuitable restriction enzyme (or enzymes) under conditions which aregenerally understood in the art, and the particulars of which arespecified by the manufacturer of these commercially availablerestriction enzymes. See, e.g., New England Biolabs, Product Catalog. Ifdesired, size separation of the cleaved fragments may be performed bypolyacrylamide gel or agarose gel electrophoresis using standardtechniques. A general description of size separations is found in MethEnzymol (1980) 65:499-560.

Any of a number of methods are used to introduce mutations into thecoding sequence to generate variants of the invention if these are to beproduced recombinantly. These mutations include simple deletions orinsertions, systematic deletions, insertions or substitutions ofclusters of bases or substitutions of single bases. Modifications of theDNA sequence are created by site-directed mutagenesis, a well-knowntechnique for which protocols and reagents are commercially available(Zoller, M J et al., Nucl Acids Res (1982) 10:6487-6500 and Adelman, J Pet al., DNA (1983) 2:183-193)). The isolated DNA is analyzed byrestriction and/or sequenced by the dideoxy nucleotide method of Sanger(Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1977) 74:5463) as further described by Messing,et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1981) 9:309, or by the method of Maxam etal., Meth. Enzymol., supra.

Vector DNA can be introduced into mammalian cells via conventionaltechniques such as calcium phosphate or calcium chlorideco-precipitation, DEAE-dextran-mediated transfection, lipofection, orelectroporation. Suitable methods for transforming host cells can befound in Sambrook et al. supra and other standard texts. In fusionexpression vectors, a proteolytic cleavage site is introduced at thejunction of the reporter group and the target protein to enableseparation of the target protein from the reporter group subsequent topurification of the fusion protein. Proteolytic enzymes for suchcleavage and their recognition sequences include Factor Xa, thrombin andenterokinase.

Promoters and Enhancers

A promoter region of a DNA or RNA molecule binds RNA polymerase andpromotes the transcription of an “operably linked” nucleic acidsequence. As used herein, a “promoter sequence” is the nucleotidesequence of the promoter which is found on that strand of the DNA or RNAwhich is transcribed by the RNA polymerase. The preferred promotersequences of the present invention must be operable in mammalian cellsand may be either eukaryotic or viral promoters. Although preferredpromoters are described in the Examples, other useful promoters andregulatory elements are discussed below. Suitable promoters may beinducible, repressible or constitutive. A “constitutive” promoter is onewhich is active under most conditions encountered in the cell'senvironmental and throughout development. An “inducible” promoter is onewhich is under environmental or developmental regulation. A “tissuespecific” promoter is active in certain tissue types of an organism. Anexample of a constitutive promoter is the viral promoter MSV-LTR, whichis efficient and active in a variety of cell types, and, in contrast tomost other promoters, has the same enhancing activity in arrested andgrowing cells. Other preferred viral promoters include that present inthe CMV-LTR (from cytomegalovirus) (Bashart, M. et al., Cell 41:521.(1985)) or in the RSV-LTR (from Rous sarcoma virus) (Gorman, C M, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79:6777 (1982). Also useful are the promoter ofthe mouse metallothionein I gene (Hamer, D., et al., J Mol. Appl. Gen.1:273-288 (1982)); the TK promoter of Herpes virus (McKnight, S., Cell31:355-365 (1982)); the SV40 early promoter (Benoist, C., et al., Nature290:304-310 (1981)); and the yeast gal4 gene promoter (Johnston, S A, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 79:6971-6975 (1982); Silver, P A, etal., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 81:5951-5955. (1984)). Otherillustrative descriptions of transcriptional factor association withpromoter regions and the separate activation and DNA binding oftranscription factors include: Keegan et al., Nature (1986) 231:699;Fields et al., Nature (1989) 340:245; Jones, Cell (1990) 61:9; Lewin,Cell (1990) 61:1161; Ptashne et al., Nature (1990) 346:329; Adams etal., Cell (1993). 72:306. The relevant disclosure of all of theseabove-listed references is hereby incorporated by reference.

The promoter region may further include an octamer region which may alsofunction as a tissue specific enhancer, by interacting with certainproteins found in the specific tissue. The enhancer domain of the DNAconstruct of the present invention is one which is specific for thetarget cells to be transfected, or is highly activated by cellularfactors of such target cells. Examples of vectors (plasmid orretrovirus) are disclosed in (Roy-Burman et al., U.S. Pat. No.5,112,767). For a general discussion of enhancers and their actions intranscription, see, Lewin, B M, Genes IV, Oxford University Press,Oxford, (1990), pp. 552-576. Particularly useful are retroviralenhancers (e.g., viral LTR). The enhancer is preferably placed upstreamfrom the promoter with which it interacts to stimulate gene expression.For use with retroviral vectors, the endogenous viral LTR may berendered enhancer-less and substituted with other desired enhancersequences which confer tissue specificity or other desirable propertiessuch as transcriptional efficiency.

The nucleic acid sequences of the invention can also be chemicallysynthesized using standard techniques. Various methods of chemicallysynthesizing polydeoxynucleotides are known, including solid-phasesynthesis which, like peptide synthesis, has been fully automated withcommercially available DNA synthesizers (See, eg., Itakura et al. U.S.Pat. No. 4,598,049; Caruthers et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066; andItakura U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,401,796 and 4,373,071, incorporated byreference herein).

Delivery of Nucleic Acid to Cells and Animals

DNA delivery involves introduction of a “foreign” DNA either (1) into acell ex vivo and ultimately, into a live animal by administering thecells, or (2) directly into the animal. Several general strategies for“gene delivery” (i.e., delivery of any nucleic acid vector) for purposesthat include “gene therapy” have been studied and reviewed extensively(Yang, N-S., Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 12:335-356 (1992); Anderson, W F,Science 256:808-813. (1992); Miller, A S, Nature 357:455-460 (1992);Crystal, R G, Amer. J. Med. 92(suppl 6A):44S-52S. (1992); Zwiebel, J Aet al. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 618:394-404 (1991); McLachlin, J R et al.,Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Molec. Biol. 38:91-135 (1990); Kohn, D B, et al.,Cancer Invest. 7:179-192 (1989), which references are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety).

One approach comprises nucleic acid transfer into primary cells inculture followed by autologous transplantation of the ex vivotransformed cells into the host, either systemically or into aparticular organ or tissue.

Preferred DNA molecules for delivery as described below encode HK-D3,e.g., SEQ ID NO:1, 2 or 3.

For accomplishing the objectives of the present invention, nucleic acidtherapy would be accomplished by direct transfer of a the functionallyactive DNA into mammalian somatic tissue or organ in vivo. DNA transfercan be achieved using a number of approaches described below. Thesesystems can be tested for successful expression in vitro by use of aselectable marker (e.g., G418. resistance) to select transfected clonesexpressing the DNA, followed by detection of the presence of theantigen-containing expression product (after treatment with the inducerin the case of an inducible system) using an antibody to the product inan appropriate immunoassay. Efficiency of the procedure, including DNAuptake, plasmid integration and stability of integrated plasmids, can beimproved by linearizing the plasmid DNA using known methods, andco-transfection using high molecular weight mammalian DNA as a“carrier”.

Examples of successful “gene transfer” reported in the art include: (a)direct injection of plasmid DNA into mouse muscle tissues, which led toexpression of marker genes for an indefinite period of time (Wolff, J Aet al., Science 247:1465 (1990); Acsadi, G. et al., The New Biologist3:71 (1991)); (b) retroviral vectors are effective for in vivo and insitu infection of blood vessel tissues; (c) portal vein injection anddirect injection of retrovirus preparations into liver effected genetransfer and expression in vivo. (Horzaglou, M. et al., J. Biol. Chem.265:17285 (1990); Koleko, M. et al., Human Gene Therapy 2:27 (1991);Ferry, N. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8387 (1991)); (d)intratracheal infusion of recombinant adenovirus into lung tissues waseffective for in vivo transfer and prolonged expression of foreign genesin lung respiratory epithelium (Rosenfeld, M A et al., Science 252:431.(1991); (e) Herpes simplex virus vectors achieved in vivo gene transferinto brain tissue (Ahmad, F. et al., eds, Miami Short Reports—Advancesin Gene Technology: The Molecular Biology of Human Genetic Disease, Vol1, Boehringer Manneheiml Biochemicals, USA, 1991). Gene therapy ofcystic fibrosis using transfection by plasmids using any of a number ofmethods and by retroviral vectors has been described by Collins et al.,U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,846.

Retroviral-mediated human therapy utilizes amphotrophic,replication-deficient retrovirus systems (Temin, H M, Human Gene Therapy1:111 (1990); Temin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,980,289; Temin et al., U.S.Pat. No. 4,650,764; Temin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,263; Wills, J W,U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,099; Miller, A D, U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,719). Suchvectors have been used to introduce functional DNA into human cells ortissues, for example, the adenosine deaminase gene into lymphocytes, theNPT-II gene and the gene for tumor necrosis factor into tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes. Retrovirus-mediated gene delivery generallyrequires target cell proliferation for gene transfer (Miller, D G etal., Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:4239. (1990). This condition is met by certainof the preferred target cells into which the present DNA molecules areto be introduced, i.e., actively growing tumor cells. The DNA moleculesencoding the HK-D3 polypeptide of the present invention may be packagedinto retrovirus vectors using packaging cell lines that producereplication-defective retroviruses, as is well-known in the art (see,for example, Cone, R D. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:6349-6353(1984); Mann, R F et al., Cell 33:153-159 (1983); Miller, A D et al.,Molec. Cell. Biol. 5:431-437 (1985),; Sorge, J., et al., Molec. Cell.Biol. 4:1730-1737 (1984); Hock, R A et al., Nature 320:257 (1986);Miller, A D et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. 6:2895-2902 (1986). Newerpackaging cell lines which are efficient an safe for gene transfer havealso been described (Bank et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,056.

This approach can be utilized in a site specific manner to deliver theretroviral vector to the tissue or organ of choice. Thus, for example, acatheter delivery system can be used (Nabel, G. et al., Science 244:1342(1989)). Such methods, using either a retroviral vector or a liposomevector, are particularly useful to deliver the nucleic acid to beexpressed to a blood vessel wall, or into the blood circulation of atumor.

Other virus vectors may also be used, including recombinant adenoviruses(Horowitz, M S, In: Virology, Fields, B N et al., eds, Raven Press, NewYork, 1990, p. 1679; Berkner, K L, Biotechniques. 6:616 9191988),Strauss, S E, In: The Adenoviruses, Ginsberg, H S, ed., Plenum Press,New York, 1984, chapter 11), herpes simplex virus (HSV) forneuron-specific delivery and persistence. Advantages of adenovirusvectors for human gene delivery include the fact that recombination israre, no human malignancies are known to be associated with suchviruses, the adenovirus genome is double stranded DNA which can bemanipulated to accept foreign genes of up to 7.5 kb in size, and liveadenovirus is a safe human vaccine organisms. Adeno-associated virus isalso useful for human therapy (Samulski, R J et al., EMBO J. 10:3941(1991) in the present invention.

Another useful vector, particularly in humans, is vaccinia virus, whichcan be rendered non-replicating (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,336; 5,204,243;5,155,020; 4,769,330; Sutter, G et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.(1992) 89:10847-10851; Fuerst, T R et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA(1989) 86:2549-2553; Falkner F G et al.; Nucl. Acids Res. (1987)15:7192; Chakrabarti, S et al., Molec. Cell. Biol. (1985). 5:3403-3409).Descriptions of recombinant vaccinia viruses and other virusescontaining heterologous DNA and their uses in immunization and DNAtherapy are reviewed in: Moss, B., Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. (1993)3:86-90; Moss, B. Biotechnology (1992) 20:345-362; Moss, B., Curr Top.Microbiol Immunol (1992) 158:25-38; Moss, B., Science (1991)252:1662-1667; Piccini, A et al., Adv. Virus. Res. (1988) 34:43-64;Moss, B. et al., Gene Amplif Anal (1983) 3:201-213.

In addition to naked DNA or RNA, or viral vectors, engineered bacteriamay be used as vectors. A number of bacterial strains includingSalmonella, BCG and Listeria monocytogenes(LM) (Hoiseth & Stocker,Nature 291, 238-239 (1981); Poirier, T P et al. J Exp. Med. 168, 25-32(1988); (Sadoff, J C, et al., Science 240, 336-338 (1988); Stover, C Ket al., Nature 351, 456-460 (1991); Aldovini, A. et al., Nature 351,479-482 (1991); Schafer, R., et al., J. Immunol. 149, 53-59 (1992);Ikonomidis, G. et al., J. Exp. Med. 180, 2209-2218 (1994)). Theseorganisms permit enteric routes of infection, providing the possibilityof oral nucleic acid delivery.

In addition to virus-mediated gene transfer in vivo, physical meanswell-known in the art can be used for direct transfer of DNA, includingadministration of plasmid DNA (Wolff et al., 1990, supra) andparticle-bombardment mediated gene transfer (Yang, N.-S., et al., Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:9568 (1990); Williams, R S et al., Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 88:2726 (1991); Zelenin, A V et al., FEBS Lett. 280:94(1991); Zelenin, A V et al., FEBS Lett. 244:65 (1989); Johnston, S A etal., In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27:11 (1991)). Furthermore,electroporation, a well-known means to transfer genes into cell invitro, can be used to transfer DNA molecules of the present invention totissues in vivo (Titomirov, A V et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1088:131((1991)).

“Carrier mediated gene transfer” has also been described (Wu, C H etal., J. Biol. Chem. 264:16985. (1989); Wu, G Y. et al., J. Biol. Chem.263:14621. (1988); Soriano, P. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA80:7128 (1983); Wang, C-Y. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7851(1982); Wilson, J M et al., J. Biol. Chem. 267:963. (1992)). Preferredcarriers are targeted liposomes (Nicolau, C. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA. 80:1068. (1983); Soriano et al., supra) such asimmunoliposomes, which can incorporate acylated mAbs into the lipidbilayer (Wang et al., supra). Polycations such asasialoglycoprotein/polylysine (Wu et al., 1989, supra) may be used,where the conjugate includes a molecule which recognizes the targettissue (e.g., asialoorosomucoid for liver) and a DNA binding compound tobind to the DNA to be transfected. Polylysine is an example of a DNAbinding molecule which binds DNA without damaging it. This conjugate isthen complexed with plasmid DNA of the present invention for transfer.

Plasmid DNA used for transfection or microinjection may be preparedusing methods well-known in the art, for example using the Quiagenprocedure (Quiagen), followed by DNA purification using known methods,such as the methods exemplified herein.

Having now generally described the invention, the same will be morereadily understood through reference to the following examples which areprovided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting ofthe present invention, unless specified.

EXAMPLE I Inhibition of Endothelial Cell Proliferation by HK-D3v

bFGF was used to stimulate HUVEC proliferation. Cells were incubated inthe presence of bFGF alone or with added inhibitors of proliferation for48 hours in a 96 well plate. Proliferation is then measured using thechromogenic reagent, MTS. Results are shown in FIG. 3 as relativeproliferation (percent) compared to cells incubated with bFGF alone (setas 100% proliferation).

HK-D3v inhibited bFGF-stimulated proliferation of HUVEC in a dosedependent manner. Treatment of HUVEC treated with 0.1 μM HK-D3v did notaffect cell viability, indicating that this polypeptide is not cytotoxicto these cells.

McCrae (WO 00/35407, June, 22, 2000)) described variants of the 8-merpeptide X₁Asn-Asn-Ala-Thr-Phe-Tyr-Phe-Lys-X₂, (wherein X₁ and X₂represented from zero to twelve additional amino acids of varioussequence) that inhibit EC proliferation (and a cyclic Cys-Val-Gly-Cyspeptide with a disulfide bond linking the two Cys residues, which doesnot inhibit EC proliferation). These peptides are all sequences derivedfrom the sequence of native HK-D3. The 8-mer peptide was asserted toinhibit EC with an IC₅₀<0.8 μM. However, the present inventorsdiscovered that this peptide precipitated serum proteins present inserum supplement used in the cell proliferation assay, which led toapoptosis. Thus, what was reported by McCrae to be inhibition ofproliferation was in fact an artifact of the precipitation phenomenonand subsequent induction of apoptosis. The actual IC₅₀ of the above8-mer peptide for true inhibition of EC proliferation was >50 μM. Thisis in contrast to HK-D3. (and its HK-D3v variant) which were more than200-fold more inhibitory (IC₅₀˜0.25 μM; see FIG. 3). Thus, it isconcluded that the shorter peptides described by McCrae are notsufficient to recapitulate the anti-proliferative activity of fulllength HK-D3 indicating either that. (a) the peptides need to beconformationally constrained within the larger HK-D3 structure or (b)additional, previously unidentified regions of HK-D3 are required forthe full inhibitory activity against ECs observed by the presentinventors.

EXAMPLE II HK-D3v Inhibits Endothelial Cell Tube Formation of HUVECs onMatrigel®

HUVEC were seeded onto Matrigel®-coated 96 well plates for testing ofthe inhibition of tube formation by the compounds of this invention.FIGS. 4 and 5 are photomicrographs showing the results.

Endothelial cell tube formation on Matrigel® was stimulated byincubation for 24 hr with either FGF-2 (10 ng/ml ) (FIG. 4A) or FGF-2(20 ng/ml), or a mixture of VEGF (20 ng/ml) and PMA (40 ng/ml) (FIG.5A). Addition of 250 nM HK-D3 caused disruption of tube formation underthese conditions (FIGS. 4B and 5B).

EXAMPLE III HK-D3v Inhibits Tumor Cell-Mediated Tumor Growth andAngiogenesis In Vivo in a Matrigel® Plug Model

The rat prostate tumor cell line (MatLyLu abbreviated MLL) was used tostimulate angiogenesis in the Matrigel® plug model described above. Inthis study, tumor growth and angiogenesis were evaluated. Results areshown in FIG. 6, 7 and 8.

Control plugs were inoculated with MLL tumor cells alone. Introductionof HK-D3v (at 1.8 or 4.3 μM) together with the tumor cells causedsignificant diminution of tumor weight (FIG. 7A) and angiogenesis (FIG.7B).

The references cited above are all incorporated by reference herein,whether specifically incorporated or not.

Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated bythose skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a widerange of equivalent parameters, concentrations, and conditions withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undueexperimentation.

1-42. (canceled)
 43. A method for inhibiting cell migration, cellinvasion, cell proliferation or angiogenesis in vivo, or for inducingapoptosis in vivo, comprising contacting cells associated with undesiredcell migration, invasion, proliferation or angiogenesis with aneffective amount of: (a) a polypeptide that is a biologically activevariant of native HK-D3 (SEQ ID NO: 1) and has at least 20% of theactivity of native HK-D3 in inhibiting angiogenesis, endothelial cellproliferation or endothelial tube formation in an in vitro or in vivobioassay, or (b) an anti-angiogenic pharmaceutical composition thatcomprises the polypeptide of (a) and a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier.
 44. The method of claim 43, wherein the HK-D3 variant is: (a) apolypeptide designated HK-D3v, the sequence of which is SEQ ID NO:3, or(b) a biologically active variant of HK-D3v that has at least 20% of theactivity of native HK-D3 in inhibiting angiogenesis, endothelial cellproliferation or endothelial tube formation in an in vitro or in vivobioassay.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the polypeptide or variantis therapeutically labeled by direct or indirect binding of atherapeutically active moiety.
 46. The method of claim 45 wherein thetherapeutically active moiety is a radionuclide.
 47. The method of claim46, wherein the radionuclide is selected from the group consisting of⁴⁷Sc, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At, ²¹²Pb and²¹⁷Bi.
 48. A method for treating a subject having a disease or conditionassociated with undesired cell migration, invasion, proliferation, orangiogenesis, which method comprises administering to the subject aneffective amount of an anti-angiogenic pharmaceutical composition thatcomprises: (a) a polypeptide that is a biologically active variant ofnative HK-D3 (SEQ ID NO:1) and has at least 20% of the activity ofnative HK-D3 in inhibiting angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferationor endothelial tube formation in an in vitro or in vivo bioassay, and(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 49. The method of claim 48,wherein the HK-D3 variant is: (a) a polypeptide designated HK-D3v, thesequence of which is SEQ ID NO:3, or (b) a biologically active variantof HK-D3v that has at least 20% of the activity of native HK-D3 ininhibiting angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation or endothelialtube formation in an in vitro or in vivo bioassay.
 50. The method ofclaim 48 wherein administering is by injection or infusion.
 51. Themethod of claim 48 wherein the administering is regional.
 52. The methodof claim 48 wherein the administering is local.
 53. The method of claim48 wherein the administering is topical.
 54. The method of claim 48,wherein the polypeptide or variant is therapeutically labeled by director indirect binding of a therapeutically active moiety.
 55. The methodof claim 54 wherein the therapeutically active moiety is a radionuclide.56. The method of claim 56, wherein the radionuclide is selected fromthe group consisting of ⁴⁷Sc, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁰Y, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re,¹⁹⁹Au, ²¹¹At, ²¹²Pb and ²¹⁷Bi.
 57. The method of claim 54 wherein thetherapeutically active moiety is a polypeptide toxin.
 58. The method ofclaim 54 wherein the polypeptide toxin is of plant or bacterial origin.59. The method of claim 58 wherein the polypeptide toxin is ricin,abrin, diphtheria toxin or Pseudomonas exotoxin A.
 60. The method ofclaim 54 wherein the therapeutically active moiety is a small organiccytotoxic drug.
 61. The method of claim 60 wherein the cytotoxic drug isdaunorubicin, doxorubicin, methotrexate, or mitomycin C.